John Chrysostom, On John

We see His authority being great. For in His deeds, no one could have found fault with what was happening. For how? For if what He said did not come to pass, nor reach the end He commanded, one might have said of them that the commands were of madness; but since it did come to pass, the truth of the outcome of what was happening silenced them even against their will. But in the case of His words, they were often able, in their shamelessness, to charge Him with madness. Which now, in the case of Nicodemus, He utters nothing lofty openly, but enigmatically leads him up from his lowliness, teaching that He is sufficient in Himself for the display of miracles. For the Father begot Him perfect, and sufficient in Himself, and having nothing incomplete. But let us see how He constructs this very thing. That one said, "Rabbi, we know that you have come from God as a teacher, and that no one can do the things you do, unless God is with him." He thought he had said something great, having said these things about Christ. What then does Christ do? Showing that he has not even stepped on the threshold of proper knowledge, nor stood in the forecourts, but is still wandering somewhere outside the kingdom, both he and anyone else who says these things, and has not yet peeked into the true knowledge, who holds this opinion about the Only-begotten; what does He say? "Amen, amen, I say to you, unless one is born from above, he cannot see the kingdom of God;" that is, "Unless you are born from above, and receive the precision of the doctrines, you are wandering somewhere outside, and are far from the kingdom of heaven." But He does not say this so clearly; but in order to make the saying less offensive, He does not address him openly, but speaks indefinitely: "Unless one is born;" as if to say, that whether it is you, or any other who holds such opinions about me, he is somewhere 59.146 outside the kingdom; since if He did not say these things wishing to establish this, His response would have been inconsistent with what had been said. Now if the Jews had heard these things, they would have laughed and departed; but this man, even in this, shows his love of learning. For this reason Christ often speaks obscurely, wishing to stir up His hearers to questioning, and to make them more attentive. For what is said clearly often passes by the hearer; but what is obscure makes him more curious and diligent. And what He says is this: "Unless you are born from above, unless you partake of the Spirit through the bath of regeneration, you cannot have the proper opinion of Me." For this opinion is not spiritual, but soulish. But He did not speak thus, refraining from striking him, who had contributed what he could from himself and spoken as far as possible, but He leads him unsuspectingly to the greater knowledge, saying, "Unless one is born from above." "From above" here, some say means "from heaven," others "from the beginning." For one not so born, He says, it is not possible to see the kingdom of God; showing Himself here, and declaring that it is not only this which is seen, but that we need other eyes, so as to see Christ. Having heard these things, Nicodemus says, "How can a man be born when he is old?" You call him Rabbi, and say that he has come from God, and you do not accept what is said, but you utter to the teacher the word that introduces many disturbances? For this "How" is the questioning of those who do not strongly believe, of those who are still of the earth. Since Sarah also laughed for this reason, because she said "How"; and many others who sought this have fallen from the faith. 3. Thus also heretics remain in their heresy, seeking this word in many places; some saying, "How was he incarnate?" others saying, "How was he born?" and subjecting that infinite substance to the weakness of their own reasonings. Knowing these things, then, we must flee this untimely meddlesomeness. For neither will those who seek these things know the "How," and they will fall from the right faith. For this reason, this man also, being perplexed, seeks the manner (for he understood that what was said was also said to him), and is troubled, and grows dizzy, and

πολλὴν ὁρῶμεν τὴν αὐθεντίαν αὐτοῦ οὖσαν. Ἐν μὲν γὰρ τοῖς πράγμασιν οὐδεὶς ἂν ἐπελάβετο τῶν γινομένων. Πῶς γάρ; Εἰ μὲν γὰρ μὴ ἐξῄει τὰ λεγόμενα, μηδὲ τέλος ἐλάμβανεν οἷον ἐκέλευεν, εἶχεν ἄν τις εἰπεῖν ἐκείνων, ὅτι ἀπονοίας ἦν τὰ ἐπιτάγματα· ἐπειδὴ δὲ ἐξέβαινε, καὶ ἄκοντας αὐτοὺς ἐπεστόμιζεν ἡ τοῦ τέλους τῶν γινομένων ἀλήθεια. Ἐπὶ δὲ τῶν λόγων ἠδύναντο πολλάκις, κατὰ τὴν αὐτῶν ἀναισχυντίαν, ἀπόνοιαν ἐπισκήπτειν αὐτῷ. Ὃ καὶ ἐπὶ τοῦ Νικοδήμου νῦν, φανερῶς μὲν οὐδὲν ὑψηλὸν φθέγγεται, αἰνιγματωδῶς δὲ αὐτὸν ἀνάγει τῆς ταπεινότητος, διδάσκων ὅτι αὐτάρκης αὐτός ἐστιν ἑαυτῷ εἰς τὴν τῶν θαυμάτων ἐπίδειξιν. Τέλειον γὰρ αὐτὸν ἐγέννησεν ὁ Πατὴρ, καὶ αὐταρκοῦντα ἑαυτῷ, καὶ οὐδὲν ἀτελὲς ἔχοντα. Ἀλλ' ἴδωμεν δὲ πῶς αὐτὸ τοῦτο κατασκευάζει· Εἶπεν ἐκεῖνος· Ῥαββὶ, οἴδαμεν ὅτι ἀπὸ Θεοῦ ἐλήλυθας διδάσκαλος, καὶ ὅτι οὐδεὶς δύναται ποιεῖν ἃ σὺ ποιεῖς, ἐὰν μὴ ᾖ ὁ Θεὸς μετ' αὐτοῦ. Ἐνόμισε μεγάλα τινὰ εἰρηκέναι, ταῦτα εἰρηκὼς περὶ τοῦ Χριστοῦ. Τί οὖν ὁ Χριστός; ∆εικνὺς ὅτι οὐδὲ τῶν προθύρων τῆς προσηκούσης γνώσεως ἐπέβη, οὐδὲ ἐν τοῖς προπυλαίοις ἔστη, ἀλλ' ἔξω που τῆς βασιλείας πλανᾶται ἔτι, καὶ αὐτὸς, καὶ ὅστις ἂν ἕτερος ταῦτα λέγῃ, καὶ οὐδέπω πρὸς τὴν ἀληθῆ παρέκυψε γνῶσιν, ὁ ταύτην περὶ τοῦ Μονογενοῦς ἔχων τὴν δόξαν· τί φησιν; Ἀμὴν, ἀμὴν λέγω σοι, ἐὰν μή τις γεννηθῇ ἄνωθεν, οὐ δύναται ἰδεῖν τὴν βασιλείαν τοῦ Θεοῦ· τουτέστιν, Ἐὰν σὺ μὴ γεννηθῇς ἄνωθεν, καὶ τὴν τῶν δογμάτων παραλάβῃς ἀκρίβειαν, ἔξω που πλανᾶσαι, καὶ πόῤῥω τῆς βασιλείας εἶ τῶν οὐρανῶν. Ἀλλ' οὕτω μὲν σαφῶς οὔ φησιν· ἵνα δὲ ἀνεπαχθέστερον ποιήσῃ τὸν λόγον, οὐ πρὸς αὐτὸν ἀποτείνεται φανερῶς, ἀλλ' ἀορίστως λέγει· Ἐὰν μή τις γεννηθῇ· μονονουχὶ λέγων, ὅτι Κἂν σὺ, κἂν ὁστισοῦν ἕτερος ᾖ τοιαῦτα περὶ ἐμοῦ δοξάζων, ἔξω 59.146 που τῆς βασιλείας ἐστίν· ἐπεὶ εἰ μὴ τοῦτο βουλόμενος κατασκευάσαι ταῦτα ἔλεγε, καὶ ἀνάρμοστος πρὸς τὰ εἰρημένα ἡ ἀπόκρισις ἦν. Ἰουδαῖοι μὲν οὖν εἰ ταῦτα ἤκουσαν, καταγελάσαντες ἀνεχώρησαν ἄν· οὗτος δὲ καὶ ἐν τούτῳ τὸ φιλομαθὲς δείκνυσι. ∆ιὰ τοῦτο γὰρ καὶ ἀσαφῶς πολλαχοῦ φθέγγεται ὁ Χριστὸς, πρὸς τὴν ἐρώτησιν τοὺς ἀκούοντας διαναστῆσαι βουλόμενος, καὶ προσεκτικωτέρους ἐργάσασθαι. Τὸ μὲν γὰρ σαφῶς λεχθὲν, πολλάκις καὶ παρατρέχει τὸν ἀκροατήν· τὸ δὲ ἀσαφὲς περιεργότερον αὐτὸν ποιεῖ καὶ σπουδαῖον. Ὃ δὲ λέγει, τοιοῦτόν ἐστιν· Ἐὰν μὴ γεννηθῇς ἄνωθεν, ἐὰν μὴ μετάσχῃς Πνεύματος τοῦ διὰ λουτροῦ παλιγγενεσίας, οὐ δύνασαι περὶ ἐμοῦ δόξαν λαβεῖν τὴν προσήκουσαν. Αὕτη γὰρ οὐ πνευματικὴ ἡ δόξα, ἀλλὰ ψυχική. Ἀλλ' οὕτω μὲν οὐκ εἶπε παραιτούμενος αὐτὸν πλῆξαι, τὰ παρ' ἑαυτοῦ συνεισενεγκόντα καὶ ὅσον ἐγχωρεῖ φθεγξάμενον, ἀνάγει δὲ ἀνυπόπτως ἐπὶ τὴν μείζονα γνῶσιν αὐτὸν, λέγων· Ἐὰν μή τις γεννηθῇ ἄνωθεν. Τὸ Ἄνωθεν ἐνταῦθα, οἱ μὲν ἐκ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ φασιν, οἱ δὲ ἐξ ἀρχῆς. Τὸν γὰρ μὴ οὕτω γεννηθέντα, οὐ δυνατὸν ἰδεῖν, φησὶ, τὴν βασιλείαν τοῦ Θεοῦ· ἑαυτὸν ἐνταῦθα δεικνὺς, καὶ δηλῶν ὅτι οὐ τοῦτό ἐστι τὸ ὁρώμενον μόνον, ἀλλ' ἑτέρων ἡμῖν ὀφθαλμῶν δεῖ, ὥστε ἰδεῖν τὸν Χριστόν. Ταῦτα ἀκούσας ὁ Νικόδημος, φησίν· Πῶς δύναται ἄνθρωπος γεννηθῆναι γέρων ὤν; Ῥαββὶ αὐτὸν καλεῖς, καὶ ἀπὸ Θεοῦ ἐληλυθέναι λέγεις, καὶ οὐ δέχῃ τὰ λεγόμενα, ἀλλὰ τὴν πολλοὺς θορύβους ἐπεισάγουσαν λέξιν φθέγγῃ πρὸς τὸν διδάσκαλον; Τὸ γὰρ, Πῶς, τοῦτο, τῶν οὐ σφόδρα πιστευόντων ἐστὶν ἐπαπόρησις, τῶν ἀπὸ γῆς ὄντων ἔτι. Ἐπεὶ καὶ ἡ Σάῤῥα διὰ τοῦτο ἐγέλασεν, ἐπειδὴ τὸ Πῶς εἶπε· καὶ ἄλλοι πολλοὶ τοῦτο ζητήσαντες, τῆς πίστεως ἐξέπεσον. γʹ. Οὕτω καὶ αἱρετικοὶ μένουσιν ἐπὶ τῆς αἱρέσεως, ταύτην πολλαχοῦ τὴν λέξιν ἐπιζητοῦντες· οἱ μὲν λέγοντες, Πῶς ἐσαρκώθη; οἱ δὲ λέγοντες, Πῶς ἐγεννήθη; καὶ τῇ τῶν οἰκείων λογισμῶν ἀσθενείᾳ τὴν ἄπειρον ἐκείνην ὑποβάλλοντες οὐσίαν. Ἅπερ οὖν εἰδότας φεύγειν χρὴ τὴν ἄκαιρον ταύτην πολυπραγμοσύνην. Οὔτε γὰρ τὸ Πῶς εἴσονται καὶ οἱ ταῦτα ζητοῦντες, καὶ πίστεως ἐκπεσοῦνται τῆς ὀρθῆς. ∆ιὰ τοῦτο καὶ οὗτος διαπορῶν, τὸν τρόπον ἐπιζητεῖ (καὶ γὰρ συνῆκεν ὅτι καὶ πρὸς αὐτὸν λέγεται τὸ λεγόμενον), καὶ θορυβεῖται, καὶ ἰλιγγιᾷ, καὶ