Chap. II.—On Hope.

Respecting faith we have adduced sufficient testimonies of writings among the Greeks. But in order not to exceed bounds, through eagerness to collect a very great many also respecting hope and love, suffice it merely to say that in the Crito Socrates, who prefers a good life and death to life itself, thinks that we have hope of another life after death.

Also in the Phœdrus he says, “That only when in a separate state can the soul become partaker of the wisdom which is true, and surpasses human power; and when, having reached the end of hope by philosophic love, desire shall waft it to heaven, then,” says he, “does it receive the commencement of another, an immortal life.” And in the Symposium he says, “That there is instilled into all the natural love of generating what is like, and in men of generating men alone, and in the good man of the generation of the counterpart of himself. But it is impossible for the good man to do this without possessing the perfect virtues, in which he will train the youth who have recourse to him.” And as he says in the Theœtetus,“He will beget and finish men. For some procreate by the body, others by the soul;” since also with the barbarian philosophers to teach and enlighten is called to regenerate; and “I have begotten you in Jesus Christ,”1158    1 Cor. iv. 15.    [On Clement’s plan, see Elucidation I. p. 342, supra.] says the good apostle somewhere.

Empedocles, too, enumerates friendship among the elements, conceiving it as a combining love:—

Parmenides, too, in his poem, alluding to hope, speaks thus:—

Περὶ μὲν οὖν πίστεως ἱκανὰ μαρτύρια τῶν παρ' Ἕλλησι γραφῶν παρατεθείμεθα· ὡς δὲ μὴ ἐπὶ μήκιστον παρεξίωμεν καὶ περὶ τῆς ἐλπίδος καὶ τῆς ἀγάπης πλεῖστα φιλοτιμούμενοι συναγαγεῖν, ἀπόχρη μόνα ταῦτα εἰπεῖν, ὡς ἐν τῷ Κρίτωνι ὁ Σωκράτης, πρὸ τοῦ ζῆν τὸ εὖ ζῆν καὶ τεθνάναι τιθέμενος, ἐλπίδα τινὰ ἑτέρου βίου μετὰ τὴν τελευτὴν ἔχειν οἴεται. καὶ γὰρ καὶ ἐν τῷ Φαίδρῳ αὐτὴν καθ' αὑτὴν γενομένην τὴν ψυχὴν λέγων μόνην δύνασθαι τῆς ἀληθινῆς σοφίας καὶ κρείττονος τῆς ἀνθρωπίνης δυνάμεως μεταλαβεῖν, ὅταν αὐτὴν ὁ ἐνθένδε ἔρως εἰς οὐρανὸν πτερώσῃ, διὰ τῆς φιλοσόφου ἀγάπης εἰς τὸ τῆς ἐλπίδος τέλος ἀφικομένην φησὶν ἄλλου βίου ἀιδίου ἀρχὴν λαμβάνειν. ἐν δὲ τῷ Συμποσίῳ πᾶσι μὲν ἔρωτα φυσικὸν ἐγκεκρᾶσθαι λέγει τῆς τοῦ ὁμοίου γενέσεως, καὶ τοῖς μὲν ἀνθρώποις ἀνθρώπων μόνον, τῷ δὲ σπουδαίῳ τοῦ παραπλησίου. ἀδύνατον δ' ἐστὶ τοῦτο ποιῆσαι τὸν σπουδαῖον μὴ ἔχοντα τελείους τὰς ἀρετάς, καθ' ἃς παιδεύσει τοὺς προσιόντας νέους καί, ὡς ἐν Θεαιτήτῳ φησί, γεννήσει καὶ ἀνθρώπους ἀποτελέσει· κυεῖν γὰρ τοὺς μὲν κατὰ σῶμα, τοὺς δὲ κατὰ ψυχήν, ἐπεὶ καὶ παρὰ τοῖς βαρβάροις φιλοσόφοις τὸ κατηχῆσαί τε καὶ φωτίσαι ἀναγεννῆσαι λέγεται, καὶ ἐγὼ ὑμᾶς ἐγέννησα ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ ὁ καλός που λέγει ἀπόστολος. ὁ δὲ Ἐμπεδοκλῆς ἐν ταῖς ἀρχαῖς καὶ φιλότητα συγκαταριθμεῖται, συγκριτικήν τινα ἀγάπην νοῶν, ἣν σὺ νόῳ δέρκευ μηδ' ὄμμασιν ἧσο τεθηπώς. ἀλλὰ καὶ Παρμενίδης ἐν τῷ αὑτοῦ ποιήματι περὶ τῆς Ἐλπίδος αἰνισσόμενος τὰ τοιαῦτα λέγει· λεῦσσε δ' ὅμως ἀπεόντα νόῳ παρεόντα βεβαίως· οὐ γὰρ ἀποτμήξει τὸ ἐὸν τοῦ ἐόντος ἔχεσθαι οὔτε σκιδνάμενον πάντῃ πάντως κατὰ κόσμον οὔτε συνιστάμενον·