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He did not allow anything high and great to be imagined. For this reason we are also called faithful, so that leaving behind the weakness of our reasonings below, we might ascend to the height of faith, and entrust the greater part of our goods to this teaching; which if Nicodemus had also done, the matter would not have been considered impossible by him. What then does Christ say? Leading him away from this groveling conception, and showing that He is not speaking of this kind of birth, He says, Unless one is born of water and the Spirit, he cannot enter into the kingdom of heaven. He spoke these things, wishing to draw him to faith by the fear of the threat, and to persuade him not to consider the matter impossible, and being eager to make him desist from his fantasy about carnal generation. I speak of another birth, He says, O Nicodemus; why do you drag the subject down to the earth? Why do you subject the matter to the necessity of nature? This birth is superior to such pangs, it has nothing in common with yours; for this is also called a birth, but it shares only the name, while it differs in reality. Withdraw yourself from common custom; I am introducing another kind of childbirth into the world; I wish men to be born in another way; I have come bringing a new mode of creation. I formed from earth and water; what was formed did not become useful, but the vessel was corrupted. I no longer wish to form from earth and water, but from water and the Spirit. But if someone asks, How from water? I also ask, How from earth? For how was the clay divided into different parts? How is it that the underlying substance is of one form (for it was only earth), but the things made from it are various and of all kinds? From where come bones, and nerves, and arteries, and veins? From where membranes, and organic vessels, and cartilages, and tissues, liver, and spleen, and heart? From where skin, and blood, and phlegm, and bile? From where so many functions? From where various colors? For these things are not of earth, nor of clay. How does the earth, when it receives seeds, sprout, but the flesh, when it receives seeds, decays? How does the earth nourish what is cast into it, but the flesh is nourished by these things, and does not nourish them? For example, the earth, receiving water, makes wine; the flesh, often receiving wine, changes it into water. How then is it clear that these things are from the earth, when the earth has properties contrary to the body, according to what has been said? By reasoning I cannot discover it, but by faith alone I accept it. If therefore the things that happen daily and can be touched require faith, much more do the things that are more ineffable and more spiritual than these. For just as the earth, which is lifeless and motionless, was empowered by the will of God, and so many wonders came from it; so also when the Spirit is present with the water, all these paradoxical things that surpass reason easily come to be. 2. Therefore, do not disbelieve because you do not see these things; since you do not see the soul either, and yet you believe you have a soul, and that the soul is something other than the body. But Christ did not lead him on from this example, but from another. For although it is incorporeal, I mean the soul, He did not bring this forward for this reason, because that man was still more dense in his understanding. 59.150 But He puts forward another example, which neither has any fellowship with the grossness of bodies, nor has ascended to the nature of incorporeal things; which is the motion of the wind. And first He begins from the water, which is finer than earth, but grosser than the wind. For just as in the beginning the element underlying was the earth, and the whole work was of the one who formed it; so also now the element underlying is the water, and the whole work is of the grace of the Spirit; and then man became a living soul, but now a life-giving Spirit. And the difference between the two is great. For the soul does not give life to another, but the Spirit not only lives by itself, but also gives this to others. Thus, at any rate, the apostles even raised the dead. And then, when creation was made, man is formed later; but now it is the opposite; for before the new creation the new man is created. For he is born first, and then the world is transformed. And just as from

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οὐκ ἀφῆκεν ὑψηλόν τι καὶ μέγα φαντασθῆναι. ∆ιὰ τοῦτο καὶ ἡμεῖς πιστοὶ καλούμεθα, ἵνα τῶν λογισμῶν τὴν ἀσθένειαν ἀφέντες τὴν κάτω, πρὸς τὸ ὕψος τῆς πίστεως ἀναβῶμεν, καὶ τὰ πλείονα τῶν ἀγαθῶν τῶν ἡμετέρων τῇ διδασκαλίᾳ ταύτῃ ἐπιτρέψωμεν· ὅπερ εἰ καὶ Νικόδημος ἐποίησεν, οὐκ ἂν αὐτῷ τὸ πρᾶγμα ἀδύνατον εἶναι ἐνομίσθη. Τί οὖν ὁ Χριστός; Ἀπάγων αὐτὸν τῆς ἐννοίας ταύτης τῆς χαμαὶ συρομένης, καὶ δεικνὺς ὅτι οὐ περὶ ταύτης διαλέγεται τῆς γεννήσεως, λέγει τὸ, Ἐὰν μή τις γεννηθῇ ἐξ ὕδατος καὶ Πνεύματος, οὐ δύναται εἰσελθεῖν εἰς τὴν βασιλείαν τῶν οὐρανῶν. Ταῦτα δὲ ἐφθέγγετο, τῷ φόβῳ τῆς ἀπειλῆς ἐπισπάσασθαι πρὸς τὴν πίστιν αὐτὸν βουλόμενος, καὶ πεῖσαι τὸ πρᾶγμα μὴ νομίζειν εἶναι ἀδύνατον, καὶ τῆς περὶ τὴν σαρκικὴν γέννησιν φαντασίας ἀποστῆσαι σπουδάζων. Ἑτέραν λέγω γέννησιν, φησὶν, ὦ Νικόδημε· τί τὸν λόγον ἕλκεις πρὸς τὴν γῆν; τί τῇ τῆς φύσεως ἀνάγκῃ τὸ πρᾶγμα ὑποβάλλεις; Ἀνώτερός ἐστι τῶν τοιούτων ὠδίνων οὗτος ὁ τόκος, οὐδὲν ἔχει κοινὸν πρὸς ὑμᾶς· γέννησις μὲν γὰρ καὶ αὕτη λέγεται, ἀλλὰ τῷ ὀνόματι κοινωνεῖ, τῷ δὲ πράγματι διέστηκεν. Ἀπόστησον σαυτὸν τῆς κοινῆς συνηθείας· ἑτέραν εἰσάγω λοχείαν εἰς τὸν κόσμον· ἄλλως βούλομαι γεννᾶσθαι τοὺς ἀνθρώπους· ξένον ἦλθον κομίζων δημιουργίας τρόπον. Ἔπλασα ἀπὸ γῆς καὶ ὕδατος· οὐκ ἐγένετο χρήσιμον τὸ πλασθὲν, ἀλλὰ διεστράφη τὸ σκεῦος. Οὐκ ἔτι λοιπὸν ἀπὸ γῆς καὶ ὕδατος πλάσαι βούλομαι, ἀλλ' ἐξ ὕδατος καὶ Πνεύματος. Εἰ δέ τις ἐρωτᾷ, Πῶς ἀπὸ ὕδατος; ἐρωτῶ κἀγὼ, Πῶς ἀπὸ γῆς; πῶς γὰρ ὁ πηλὸς εἰς διάφορα μέρη κατεμερίσθη; πῶς τὸ μὲν ὑποκείμενον μονοειδὲς (γῆ γὰρ ἦν μόνη), τὰ δὲ ἐξ αὐτῆς γενόμενα ποικίλα καὶ παντοδαπά; Πόθεν ὀστᾶ, καὶ νεῦρα, καὶ ἀρτηρίαι, καὶ φλέβες; πόθεν ὑμένες, καὶ ἀγγεῖα ὀργανικὰ, καὶ χόνδροι, καὶ χιτῶνες, ἧπαρ, καὶ σπλὴν, καὶ καρδία; πόθεν δέρμα, καὶ αἷμα, καὶ φλέγμα, καὶ χολή; πόθεν αἱ τοσαῦται ἐνέργειαι; πόθεν χρώματα ποικίλα; ταῦτα γὰρ οὐ γῆς, οὐδὲ πηλοῦ. Πῶς ἡ γῆ δεχομένη σπέρματα βλαστάνει, ἡ δὲ σὰρξ δεχομένη σπέρματα σήπει; πῶς ἡ γῆ τρέφει τὰ βαλλόμενα, ἡ δὲ σὰρξ τρέφεται ὑπὸ τούτων, οὐ τρέφει ταῦτα; Οἷον ἡ γῆ ἡ δεχομένη ὕδωρ, οἶνον ποιεῖ· ἡ σὰρξ δεχομένη πολλάκις οἶνον, εἰς ὕδωρ μετέβαλε. Πόθεν οὖν δῆλον ὅτι ἀπὸ τῆς γῆς ταῦτα, τῆς γῆς ἐναντίως ἐχούσης πρὸς τὸ σῶμα, κατὰ τὰ εἰρημένα; Λογισμῷ μὲν εὑρεῖν οὐ δύναμαι, πίστει δὲ δέχομαι μόνῃ. Εἰ τοίνυν τὰ καθ' ἡμέραν γινόμενα καὶ ψηλαφώμενα πίστεως δεῖται, πολλῷ μᾶλλον τὰ ἀποῤῥητότερα τούτων καὶ πνευματικώτερα. Καθάπερ γὰρ ἡ γῆ ἡ ἄψυχος, ἡ ἀκίνητος, ἐνεδυναμώθη τῷ θελήματι τοῦ Θεοῦ, καὶ τοσαῦτα ἐξ αὐτῆς τὰ θαύματα γέγονεν· οὕτω καὶ τοῦ Πνεύματος τῷ ὕδατι παρόντος, τὰ παράδοξα ταῦτα καὶ λογισμὸν ὑπερβαίνοντα εὐκόλως πάντα γίνεται. βʹ. Μὴ τοίνυν, ἐπειδὴ μὴ ὁρᾷς αὐτὰ, ἀπίστει· ἐπεὶ οὐδὲ τὴν ψυχὴν ὁρᾷς, καὶ ὅμως πιστεύεις ἔχειν ψυχὴν, καὶ ἄλλο ψυχὴν εἶναί τι παρὰ τὸ σῶμα. Ἀλλ' ὁ Χριστὸς οὐκ ἀπὸ τούτου τοῦ παραδείγματος αὐτὸν ἐνῆγεν, ἀλλ' ἑτέρου. Τοῦτο μὲν γὰρ, εἰ καὶ ἀσώματόν ἐστιν, ἡ ψυχὴ λέγω, διὰ τοῦτο οὐ παρήγα 59.150 γεν αὐτὸ, ἐπειδὴ ἔτι παχύτερον ἐκεῖνος διέκειτο. Τίθησι δὲ ἕτερον ὑπόδειγμα, ὃ μήτε κοινωνίαν τινὰ πρὸς τὴν τῶν σωμάτων ἔχει παχύτητα, μήτε εἰς τὴν τῶν ἀσωμάτων ἀνέβη φύσιν· ὅπερ ἐστὶν ἡ τοῦ ἀνέμου φορά. Καὶ πρῶτον ἀπὸ τοῦ ὕδατος ἄρχεται, τοῦ λεπτοτέρου μὲν τῆς γῆς, παχυτέρου δὲ τοῦ ἀνέμου. Ὥσπερ γὰρ ἐν ἀρχῇ ὑπέκειτο στοιχεῖον ἡ γῆ, τὸ δὲ πᾶν τοῦ διαπλάττοντος ἦν· οὕτω καὶ νῦν ὑπόκειται μὲν στοιχεῖον τὸ ὕδωρ, τὸ δὲ πᾶν τῆς τοῦ Πνεύματός ἐστι χάριτος· καὶ τότε μὲν Εἰς ψυχὴν ζῶσαν ἐγένετο ὁ ἄνθρωπος, νῦν δὲ εἰς Πνεῦμα ζωοποιοῦν. Πολὺ δὲ τὸ μέσον ἑκατέρων. Ἡ μὲν γὰρ ψυχὴ οὐχ ἑτέρῳ παρέχει τὸ ζῇν, τὸ δὲ Πνεῦμα οὐ καθ' ἑαυτὸ ζῇ μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἑτέροις παρέχει τοῦτο. Οὕτω γοῦν καὶ νεκροὺς ἀνέστησαν οἱ ἀπόστολοι. Καὶ τότε μὲν τῆς κτίσεως γενομένης, ὁ ἄνθρωπος ὕστερον πλάττεται· νῦν δὲ τοὐναντίον· πρὸ γὰρ τῆς καινῆς κτίσεως ὁ ἄνθρωπος ὁ νέος δημιουργεῖται. Καὶ γὰρ πρῶτος οὗτος γεννᾶται, καὶ τότε ὁ κόσμος μετασχηματίζεται. Καὶ καθάπερ ἐξ