John Chrysostom, On Matthew

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the law, or the prophets? The prophets, because through them he confirmed by his deeds all the things that were said about him; which is why for each instance the evangelist would say: That it might be fulfilled which was spoken by the prophet; both when he was born, and when the children sang the wondrous hymn to him, and when he sat upon the ass, and in many other instances he fulfilled this very thing; all of which were to remain unfulfilled, if he had not come. But the law he fulfilled not in one way only, but also in a second and a third. In one way, by transgressing none of the legal precepts. For that he fulfilled it all, hear what he says to John: For thus it is fitting for us to fulfill all righteousness. And to the Jews he said: Which of you convicts me of sin? And again to his disciples: The ruler of this world is coming, and he finds nothing in me. And the prophet from of old said that he committed no sin. In this one way, therefore, he fulfilled it; but in another, by enabling us to do this also. For this is the wondrous thing, that not only did he fulfill it himself, but he also granted this to us. Which Paul also, making it plain, said: For Christ is the end of the law for righteousness to everyone who believes. And he said that he condemned sin in the flesh, that the righteous requirement of the law might be fulfilled in us who do not walk according to the flesh. And again: Do we then make void the law through faith? God forbid. Rather, we establish the law. For since the law was zealous for this, to make man righteous, but was weak, he himself came and introduced a way of righteousness through faith, and established the will of the law; and what that could not achieve through letters, he himself accomplished through faith. For this reason he says: I have not come to abolish the law. 3. But if one should examine it accurately, he will also find another, a third way, in which this happened. Which one is that? The one of the coming legislation, which he was about to deliver. For what was said was not an abolition of the former things, but an intensification and a fulfillment. For not to be angry is not an abolition of not to kill, but a fulfillment and a greater security; and of all the other things. Therefore, having sown the seeds of these things beforehand 57.242 without arousing suspicion at that time, when from the comparison of the old and new laws he was about to be suspected of opposition, he used this preliminary correction. For he had already sown them enigmatically through the things he had said. For, Blessed are the poor, is the same as not being angry; and, Blessed are the pure in heart, is the same as not looking at a woman to lust after her; and not laying up treasures on earth, agrees with, Blessed are the merciful; and to mourn, and to be persecuted, and to be reviled, is equivalent to entering through the narrow gate; and to hunger and thirst for righteousness is nothing other than that which he says after this, that Whatever you wish that men would do to you, do so to them. And having blessed the peacemaker, he again said almost the same thing, when he commanded to leave the gift, and to hasten to be reconciled with the one who was offended, and to be well-disposed toward one's adversary. But there he has set forth the rewards for those who succeed, while here he has set forth the punishments for those who do not. Therefore, there he said that the meek shall inherit the earth; but here, whoever calls his brother a fool shall be liable to the hell of fire. And there, that the pure in heart shall see God; but here, that he who looks with lust is a complete adulterer; and having called the peacemakers sons of God there, here he frightens them from another angle, saying: Lest your adversary hand you over to the judge. Thus, also, having blessed those who mourn and those who are persecuted in what came before, in what comes after, establishing this same thing, he threatens destruction to those who do not come by this way; for those who walk by the broad way, he says, end up there. And, You cannot serve God and mammon, seems to me to be the same as, Blessed are the merciful, and, Those who hunger for righteousness. But, as I was saying, since he is about to say these things more clearly, and not only more clearly, but also more than the

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νόμον, ἢ τοὺς προφήτας; Τοὺς προφήτας μὲν, δι' ὧν τὰ περὶ αὐτοῦ λεχθέντα ἅπαντα τοῖς ἔργοις ἐβεβαίωσε· διὸ καὶ καθ' ἕκαστον ὁ εὐαγγελιστὴς ἔλεγεν· Ἵνα πληρωθῇ τὸ ῥηθὲν ὑπὸ τοῦ προφήτου· καὶ ἡνίκα ἐτέχθη, καὶ ἡνίκα τὰ παιδία τὸν θαυμαστὸν ὕμνον ᾖδεν εἰς αὐτὸν, καὶ ἡνίκα ἐπὶ τῆς ὄνου ἐκάθισε, καὶ ἐφ' ἑτέρων δὲ πλειόνων τὸ αὐτὸ τοῦτο ἐπλήρωσεν· ἅπερ πάντα ἔμελλον ἀπλήρωτα εἶναι, εἰ μὴ παρεγένετο. Τὸν δὲ νόμον οὐχ ἑνὶ μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ δευτέρῳ καὶ τρίτῳ ἐπλήρωσε τρόπῳ. Ἑνὶ μὲν, τῷ μηδὲν παραβῆναι τῶν νομίμων. Ὅτι γὰρ πάντα αὐτὸν ἐπλήρωσεν, ἄκουσον τί φησι τῷ Ἰωάννῃ· Οὕτω γὰρ πρέπον ἐστὶν ἡμῖν πληρῶσαι πᾶσαν δικαιοσύνην. Καὶ Ἰουδαίοις δὲ ἔλεγε· Τίς ἐξ ὑμῶν ἐλέγχει με περὶ ἁμαρτίας; Καὶ τοῖς μαθηταῖς δὲ πάλιν· Ἔρχεται ὁ ἄρχων τοῦ κόσμου τούτου, καὶ ἐν ἐμοὶ εὑρίσκει οὐδέν. Καὶ ὁ προφήτης δὲ ἄνωθεν ἔλεγεν, ὅτι ἁμαρτίαν οὐκ ἐποίησεν. Ἑνὶ μὲν οὖν αὐτὸν ἐπλήρωσε τούτῳ τῷ τρόπῳ· ἑτέρῳ δὲ, τῷ καὶ δι' ἡμῶν τοῦτο ποιῆσαι. Τὸ γὰρ θαυμαστὸν τοῦτό ἐστιν, ὅτι οὐ μόνον αὐτὸς ἐπλήρωσεν, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἡμῖν ἐχαρίσατο τοῦτο. Ὅπερ καὶ ὁ Παῦλος δηλῶν ἔλεγεν· Ὅτι Τέλος νόμου Χριστὸς εἰς δικαιοσύνην παντὶ τῷ πιστεύοντι. Καὶ τὴν ἁμαρτίαν δὲ αὐτὸν ἔλεγε Κρῖναι ἐν τῇ σαρκὶ, ἵνα τὸ δικαίωμα τοῦ νόμου πληρωθῇ ἐν ἡμῖν τοῖς μὴ κατὰ σάρκα περιπατοῦσι. Καὶ πάλιν· Νόμον οὖν καταργοῦμεν διὰ τῆς πίστεως; Μὴ γένοιτο. Ἀλλὰ νόμον ἱστῶμεν. Ἐπειδὴ γὰρ ὁ νόμος τοῦτο ἐσπούδαζε, δίκαιον ποιῆσαι τὸν ἄνθρωπον, ἠτόνει δὲ, ἐλθὼν αὐτὸς, καὶ τρόπον εἰσαγαγὼν δικαιοσύνης τὸν διὰ τῆς πίστεως, ἔστησε τοῦ νόμου τὸ βούλημα· καὶ ὅπερ οὐκ ἴσχυσε διὰ γραμμάτων ἐκεῖνος, τοῦτο αὐτὸς διὰ τῆς πίστεως ἤνυσε. ∆ιὰ τοῦτό φησιν· Οὐκ ἦλθον καταλῦσαι τὸν νόμον. γʹ. Εἰ δέ τις ἀκριβῶς ἐξετάσειε, καὶ ἕτερον τρίτον τρόπον εὑρήσει, καθ' ὃν τοῦτο γέγονε. Ποῖον δὴ τοῦτον; Τὸν τῆς μελλούσης νομοθεσίας, ἥνπερ ἔμελλε παραδιδόναι. Οὐ γὰρ ἀναίρεσις τῶν προτέρων, ἀλλ' ἐπίτασις καὶ πλήρωσις ἦν τὰ λεγόμενα. Τοῦ γὰρ μὴ φονεύειν οὐκ ἀναίρεσις τὸ μὴ ὀργίζεσθαι, ἀλλὰ πλήρωσις καὶ πλείων ἀσφάλεια· καὶ τῶν ἄλλων ἁπάντων. ∆ιὸ δὴ καὶ τὰ σπέρματα τούτων προκαταβαλό 57.242 μενος ἀνυπόπτως τότε, ὅτε σαφέστερον ἔμελλεν ἐκ τῆς παραθέσεως τῶν παλαιῶν καὶ νέων νομίμων ἐπὶ ἐναντιώσει ὑποπτεύεσθαι, τῇ προδιορθώσει κέχρηται. Αἰνιγματωδῶς μὲν γὰρ αὐτὰ καὶ ἤδη κατεβάλετο διὰ τῶν εἰρημένων. Τὸ γὰρ, Μακάριοι οἱ πτωχοὶ, ταὐτόν ἐστι τῷ μὴ ὀργίζεσθαι· καὶ τὸ, Μακάριοι οἱ καθαροὶ τῇ καρδίᾳ, τῷ μὴ ἐμβλέψαι εἰς γυναῖκα πρὸς ἐπιθυμίαν· καὶ τὸ μὴ θησαυρίζειν θησαυροὺς ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς, τῷ, Μακάριοι οἱ ἐλεήμονες, συνᾴδει· καὶ τὸ πενθεῖν δὲ, καὶ τὸ διώκεσθαι, καὶ ὀνειδίζεσθαι, ἴσον ἐστὶ τῷ διὰ τῆς στενῆς πύλης εἰσιέναι· καὶ τὸ πεινᾷν καὶ διψᾷν τὴν δικαιοσύνην, οὐδὲν ἕτερόν ἐστιν, ἀλλ' ἢ ἐκεῖνο, ὃ μετὰ ταῦτά φησιν, ὅτι Ὅσα ἂν θέλητε ἵνα ποιῶσιν ὑμῖν οἱ ἄνθρωποι, καὶ ὑμεῖς ποιεῖτε αὐτοῖς. Καὶ τὸν εἰρηνοποιὸν μακαρίσας, πάλιν τὸ αὐτὸ σχεδὸν εἴρηκεν, ὅτε ἐκέλευσεν ἀφεῖναι τὸ δῶρον, καὶ ἐπὶ τὴν καταλλαγὴν σπεύδειν τοῦ λελυπημένου, καὶ τὸ εὐνοεῖν τῷ ἀντιδίκῳ. Ἀλλ' ἐκεῖ μὲν τὰ ἔπαθλα τῶν κατορθούντων τέθεικεν, ἐνταῦθα δὲ τῶν μὴ ποιούντων τὰς τιμωρίας. ∆ιόπερ ἐκεῖ μὲν ἔλεγεν, ὅτι οἱ πραεῖς κληρονομήσουσι γῆν· ἐνταῦθα δὲ, ὁ μωρὸν καλῶν τὸν ἀδελφὸν αὐτοῦ, ἔνοχος ἔσται τῇ γεέννῃ τοῦ πυρός. Καὶ ἐκεῖ μὲν, ὅτι τὸν Θεὸν ὄψονται οἱ καθαροὶ τῇ καρδίᾳ· ἐνταῦθα δὲ, ὅτι μοιχός ἐστιν ἀπηρτισμένος ὁ ἀκολάστως ἰδών· καὶ τοὺς εἰρηνοποιοὺς υἱοὺς Θεοῦ καλέσας ἐκεῖ, ἐνταῦθα ἑτέρωθεν φοβεῖ λέγων· Μή ποτέ σε παραδῷ ὁ ἀντίδικος τῷ κριτῇ. Οὕτω καὶ τοὺς πενθοῦντας καὶ τοὺς διωκομένους μακαρίζων ἐν τοῖς ἔμπροσθεν, ἐν τοῖς μετὰ ταῦτα τὸ αὐτὸ τοῦτο κατασκευάζων, ἀπώλειαν ἀπειλεῖ τοῖς μὴ ταύτην ἐρχομένοις τὴν ὁδόν· οἱ γὰρ διὰ τῆς πλατείας βαδίζοντες, φησὶν, ἐκεῖ καταστρέφουσι. Καὶ τὸ, Οὐ δύνασθε Θεῷ δουλεύειν καὶ μαμωνᾷ, ἴσον εἶναί μοι δοκεῖ τῷ, Μακάριοι οἱ ἐλεήμονες, καὶ, Οἱ πεινῶντες τὴν δικαιοσύνην. Ἀλλ', ὅπερ ἔφην, ἐπειδὴ μέλλει τρανότερον αὐτὰ λέγειν, καὶ οὐ τρανότερον μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ πλείονα τῶν