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of patriarchs and prophets and of the written law, the race of men was being called and was returning to God and the (p. 496) creator was being pointed out to those not departed even from natural knowledge, according to the wise men of the Greeks. For who, having a mind and seeing on the one hand so many manifest differences of substances, and on the other hand, the oppositions of unseen powers and the counterbalancing impulses of motion, and furthermore, stability that is in another way counterbalancing, and unending successions from opposite affections, and unconfused friendship from incompatible strife, and the cohesions of things distinguished and the unmixedness of things united, of minds, of souls, of bodies, the harmony through so many things, the permanent relations and positions, the essential states and orders, the indissolubility of the cohesion, who, taking all such things into his mind, would not conceive of the one who established each thing well in itself and wonderfully fitted them to one another, so as to know God from an image and from what is caused? And who, having known God thus, will consider him to be one of the things caused or of the things set forth according to his image? So that he will also have knowledge of God by means of negation. Therefore, the knowledge of created things was turning the race of men toward the knowledge of God, before the law and the prophets, and now again it turns them, and almost the whole fullness of the inhabited world, as many as do not yield to the evangelical decrees, through it alone, they have no other God at present, than the maker of this universe.

These, therefore, know God from the knowledge of created things alone, who have not died to the law through the law, that they might live the life in Christ, or rather, those who have never accepted any law of God. But do you now, when God was manifested in the flesh, was believed in among the nations, was preached in the world and the law of grace was revealed to the ends of the earth, when “we have received the Spirit of God, that we might know the things that have been freely given to us by God,” when we became taught by God and instructed by the Paraclete, according to the saving promise (for “He,” it says, “will teach you all the truth,” as not yet in any way known), when we have the mind of Christ and (p. 498) spiritual eyes, do you turn us back again under a teacher to live by the elements of the world, O man? What are you saying? “We await a new heaven and a new earth according to his promise,” and shall we not conceive of and glorify God in a supracelestial manner from that, but shall we know him only from this old and alterable one? Not only alterable but also corruptible. For in calling that one new, he showed this one to be old; and everything that is becoming old and growing aged is on its way to disappearing.

But from where were we taught of this new world and the life that does not grow old? Was it from the contemplation of created things or from him who was “declared to be the Son of God in power, according to the Spirit of holiness, by the resurrection from the dead, Jesus Christ our Lord”? Is not our one and only teacher, Christ? Where then from his words were we taught about the nature of the corruptible world? Did he not himself command not to call anyone teacher on earth? How then shall we go to the Greeks and Egyptians as if to learn something of salvation? The knowledge of God that is ours boasts God as its teacher; not an angel, not a man, but the Lord himself taught and saved us. No longer do we know God from an image; for such is the knowledge of God from created things. But now “the life was manifested, which was with the Father and was manifested to us” and announced to us that “God is light and in him is no darkness at all,” and made those who believed in him children of light, “and it has not yet been revealed what we shall be,” but that “if he is revealed, we shall be like him, for we shall also see him as he is.” Again you have an occasion for slander: “for we shall see him as he is.” But he who says these things, having been built up closely on the stone that was laid in Zion,

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πατριαρχῶν καί προφητῶν καί τοῦ γραπτοῦ νόμου τό γένος τῶν ἀνθρώπων ἐνεκαλεῖτο καί ἐπέστρεφε πρός τόν Θεόν καί ὑπεδείκνυ τόν (σελ. 496) δημιουργόν τοῖς μή καί τῆς κατά φύσιν γνώσεως κατά τούς Ἑλλήνων σοφούς ἐξεστηκόσι. Τίς γάρ νοῦν ἔχων καί ἰδών ἐμφανεῖς μέν οὐσιῶν διαφοράν τοσαύτας, ἀφανῶν τε δυνάμεων ἐναντιότητας καί ἀντιρρόπους κινήσεως ὁρμάς, ἔτι δέ στάσιν τρόπον ἕτερον ἀντίρροπον, διαδοχάς τε ἐνεκλείπτους ἐξ ἐναντιοπαθείας καί φιλίαν ἀσύγχυτον ἐξ ἀσυμβάτου νείκους, συνοχάς τε τῶν διακεκριμένων καί ἀσυμμιξίας τῶν ἡνωμένων, νῶν, ψυχῶν, σωμάτων, τήν διά τοσούτων ἁρμονίαν, τάς μονίμους σχέσεις τε καί θέσεις, τάς οὐσιώδεις ἕξεις τε καί τάξεις, τό ἀδιάλυτον τῆς συνοχῆς, τίς τά τοιαῦτα πάντα ἐπί νοῦν λαβών τόν ἐν ἑαυτῷ ἕκαστον καλῶς ἱδρύσαντα καί πρός ἄλληλα θαυμασίως ἁρμοσάμενον οὐκ ἐννοήσειεν, ὡς ἀπ᾿ εἰκόνος καί αἰτιατοῦ γινώσκειν τόν Θεόν; Τίς δ᾿ οὕτω γνούς Θεόν ἕν τι τῶν αἰτιατῶν ἤ τῶν κατ᾿ εἰκόνα τούτου προκειμένων ἡγήσεται αὐτόν; Ὥστε καί τήν ἐξ ἀποφάσεως θεογνωσίαν ἕξει. Ἐπέστρεφε τοίνυν ἡ τῶν κτισμάτων γνῶσις πρός θεογνωσίαν τό γένος τῶν ἀνθρώπων πρό νόμου τε καί προφητῶν, καί νῦν αὖθις ἐπιστρέφει, καί σχεδόν πᾶν τό πλήρωμα τῆς οἰκουμένης, ὅσοι μή τοῖς εὐαγγελικοῖς θεσπίσμασιν εἴκουσι, δι᾿ αὐτῆς μόνης, οὐχ ἕτερον ἀρτίως ἔχουσι Θεόν, ὅτι μή τόν ποιητήν τοῦδε τοῦ παντός.

Οὗτοι τοίνυν ἐκ μόνης τῆς τῶν κτιστῶν γνώσεως γινώσκουσι Θεόν, οἱ μή διά νόμου νόμῳ ἀποθανόντες, ἵνα τήν ἐν Χριστῷ ζήσωσι ζωήν, μᾶλλον δέ οἱ νόμου Θεοῦ μηδέποτε μηδένα προσέμενοι. Σύ δέ νῦν ἡμᾶς, ἡνίκα ὁ Θεός ἐφανερώθη ἐν σαρκί, ἐπιστεύθη ἐν ἔθνεσιν, ἐκηρύχθη ἐν κόσμῳ καί ὁ τῆς χάριτος νόμος ἀνεκαλύφθη τοῖς πέρασιν, ἡνίκα «τό Πνεῦμα τοῦ Θεοῦ ἐλάβομεν, ἵνα εἰδῶμεν τά ἐκ τοῦ Θεοῦ χαρισθέντα ἡμῖν», ἡνίκα διδακτοί Θεοῦ ἐγενόμεθα καί τοῦ παρακλήτου παιδεύματα, κατά τήν σωτήριον ἐπαγγελίαν («ἐκεῖνος» γάρ, φησί, «διδάξει ὑμᾶς πᾶσαν τήν ἀλήθειαν», ὡς μηδέπω δήπου ἐγνωσμένην), ἡνίκα νοῦν ἔχομεν Χριστοῦ καί (σελ. 498) ὀφθαλμούς πνευματικούς, πάλιν εἰς τοὐπίσω στρέφεις ὑπό διδασκάλου τοῖς τοῦ κόσμου ζῆν στοιχείοις, ἄνθρωπε; Τί λέγεις; «Καινόν οὐρανόν καί καινήν γῆν κατά τό ἐπάγγελμα αὐτοῦ προσδοκῶμεν», καί οὐκ ἐκ ἐκείνου τόν Θεόν ὑπερκοσμίως νοήσομέν τε καί δοξάσομεν, ἀλλ᾿ἐκ τοῦ παλαιοῦ τούτου μόνου καί ἀλλοιωτοῦ ἐπιγνωσόμεθα αὐτόν; Οὐκ ἀλλοιωτοῦ δέ μόνον ἀλλά καί φθαρτοῦ. Καί γάρ καινόν εἰπών ἐκεῖνον, παλαιόν τοῦτον ἐδειξε˙ πᾶν δέ τό παλαιούμενον καί γηράσκον εἰς ἀφανισμόν.

Ἀλλά πόθεν τόν καινόν τοῦτον ἐδιδάχθημεν κόσμον καί τήν μή παλαιουμένην ζωήν; Ἆρ᾿ ἀπό τῆς τῶν κτισμάτων θεωρίας ἤ παρά τοῦ «ὁρισθέντος Υἱοῦ Θεοῦ ἐν δυνάμει, κατά Πνεῦμα ἁγιωσύνης, ἐξ ἀναστάσεως νεκρῶν, Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ τοῦ Κυρίου ἡμῶν»; Οὐχ εἷς ἡμῶν καί καθηγητής, ὁ Χριστός; Ποῦ τοίνυν τῶν αὐτοῦ λόγων περί τῆς τοῦ φθειρομένου κόσμου φύσεως ἐδιδάχθημεν; Οὐ αὐτός ἐνετείλατο μή καλεῖν καθηγητήν ἐπί τῆς γῆς; Πῶς οὖν ἡμεῖς Ἕλλησι καί Αἰγυπτίοις ὡς σωτήριόν τι μαθησόμενοι φοιτήσομεν; Θεόν αὐχεῖ διδάσκαλον ἡ καθ᾿ ἡμᾶς θεογνωσία˙ οὐκ ἄγγελος, οὐκ ἄνθρωπος, ἀλλ᾿ αὐτός ὁ Κύριος ἐδίδαξε καί ἔσωσεν ἡμᾶς. Οὐκέτι ἐκ τοῦ εἰκότος γινώσκομεν Θεόν˙ τοιαύτη γάρ ἡ ἀπό τῶν κτισμάτων γνῶσις τοῦ Θεοῦ˙ νῦν δέ «ἡ ζωή ἐφανερώθη, ἥτις ἦν πρός τόν Πατέρα καί ἐφανερώθη ἡμῖν» καί ἀνήγγειλεν ἡμῖν ὅτι «ὁ Θεός φῶς ἐστι καί σκοτία ἐν αὐτῷ ὑπάρχει οὐδεμία», καί τούς πιστεύσαντας αὐτῷ τέκνα ἐποίησε φωτός, «καί οὔπω ἐφανερώθη τί ἐσόμεθα», ὅτι «ἐάν φανερωθῇ, ὅμοιοι αὐτῷ ἐσόμεθα, ὅτι καί ὀψόμεθα αὐτόν καθώς ἐστιν». Ἔχεις πάλιν ἔφοδον συκοφαντίας˙ «καθώς γάρ ἐστιν ὀψόμεθα αὐτόν». Ἀλλ᾿ ὁ ταῦτα λέγων, τῇ ἐν Σιών τεθείσῃ πέτρᾳ προσεχῶς ἐπῳκοδομημένος,