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he should say 'earthly' here, do not be surprised. For He so calls it, either because it is perfected on earth, or naming it thus in comparison with His own most awesome generation. For even if this birth is heavenly, yet compared to that true one, which is from the substance of the Father, it is earthly. And well did He not say, 'Do you not perceive,' but, 'You do not believe.' For when one struggles with those things which it is possible to grasp through the mind, and does not readily accept them, he would reasonably be accused of foolishness; but when he does not accept these things, which cannot be grasped by reasoning, but by faith alone, the charge is no longer of foolishness, but of unbelief. Therefore, leading him away from seeking what was said by reasoning, He rebukes him more sharply, charging him with unbelief. But if our birth must be received 59.158 by faith, of what would they be worthy who curiously pry into that of the Only-Begotten with reasoning? But perhaps someone might say, for what reason were these things said, if those who heard were not going to believe? Because even if they did not believe, yet those after them were going to accept and profit from them. Therefore, rebuking him most severely, He shows then that He knows not only these things, but also others far more numerous and greater than these. Whence He also made this clear by what followed, saying thus; And no one has ascended into heaven, except He who descended from heaven, the Son of Man, who is in heaven. And what is this sequence, he says? The greatest, indeed, and very much in harmony with what went before. For since that man said, 'We know that you have come from God as a teacher,' He corrects this very thing, all but saying: do not think that I am a teacher in the same way as the many prophets who are from the earth. For I am present now from heaven. For none of the prophets has ascended there; but I dwell there. Do you see how even what seems to be exceedingly lofty, is exceedingly unworthy of His greatness? For He is not in heaven only, but also everywhere, and fills all things. But He is still speaking to the weakness of His hearer, wishing to lead him up little by little. And 'Son of Man' here He called not His flesh, but named His whole self, so to speak, from the lesser substance. For this is His custom, often to name the whole from His divinity, and often from His humanity. And as Moses lifted up the serpent in the wilderness, He says, so must the Son of Man be lifted up. Again this too seems disconnected from what went before, but it also has great connection. For having spoken of the greatest benefit that has come to men through baptism, He introduces its cause as well, and one no less than it, that through the cross. Therefore, just as Paul, speaking to the Corinthians, puts these benefits together, saying thus: Was Paul crucified for you, or were you baptized into the name of Paul? For these two things most of all show His ineffable love, that He both suffered for enemies, and that having died for enemies, through baptism He bestowed the complete forgiveness of sins. 2. But for what reason did He not say clearly, 'I am about to be crucified,' but referred His hearers to the ancient type? First, that they might learn that the old things are akin to the new, and that the former are not alien to the latter; next, that you might know that He did not come to His passion unwillingly; and in addition to these things, that you might learn that no harm came to Him from the event, and from it salvation is born for many. For lest anyone should say, And how is it possible for those who believe in one who has been crucified to be saved, when he himself is held fast by death? 59.159 He leads us to the ancient history. For if the Jews, looking at a bronze image of a serpent, escaped death; much more will those who believe in the Crucified one reasonably enjoy a much greater benefit. For this does not happen because of the weakness of the one being crucified, nor because the Jews prevailed, but because God loved the world, for this reason His living temple is crucified. That everyone who believes in Him may not perish, but have eternal life. Do you see the cross's

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ἐπίγειον ἐνταῦθα λέγοι, μὴ θαυμάσῃς. Ἢ γὰρ διὰ τὸ ἐν τῇ γῇ τελεῖσθαι, ἢ πρὸς σύγκρισιν τῆς ἑαυτοῦ γεννήσεως τῆς φρικωδεστάτης ἐκείνης ὀνομάζων οὕτως αὐτὸ καλεῖ. Εἰ γὰρ καὶ ἐπουράνιος αὕτη ἡ γέννησις, ἀλλὰ πρὸς ἐκείνην παραβαλλομένη τὴν ἀληθῆ, καὶ ἐκ τῆς τοῦ Πατρὸς οὐσίας οὖσαν, ἐπίγειός ἐστι. Καὶ καλῶς οὐκ εἶπεν, Οὐχὶ νοεῖτε, ἀλλ', Οὐ πιστεύετε. Ὅταν μὲν γὰρ πρὸς ἐκεῖνά τις δυσκολαίνῃ, ἃ διὰ τοῦ νοῦ λαβεῖν ἔστι, καὶ μὴ ῥᾳδίως καταδέχηται, εἰκότως ἂν ἄνοιαν ἐγκαλοῖτο· ὅταν δὲ ταῦτα μὴ δέχηται, ἃ λογισμῷ μὲν οὐκ ἔστι λαβεῖν, πίστει δὲ μόνῃ, οὐκ ἔτι ἀνοίας, ἀλλ' ἀπιστίας ἐστὶ τὸ ἔγκλημα. Ἀπάγων οὖν αὐτὸν τοῦ μὴ ζητεῖν λογισμοῖς τὸ λεχθὲν, σφοδρότερον αὐτοῦ καθικνεῖται, ἀπιστίαν ἐγκαλῶν. Εἰ δὲ τὴν ἡμετέραν πίστει χρὴ 59.158 δέχεσθαι γέννησιν, τίνος ἂν εἶεν ἄξιοι οἱ τὴν τοῦ Μονογενοῦς λογισμοῖς περιεργαζόμενοι; Ἀλλ' ἴσως εἴποι τις ἂν, καὶ τίνος ἕνεκεν ἐλέγετο ταῦτα, εἰ μὴ ἔμελλον πιστεύειν οἱ ἀκούοντες; Ὅτι εἰ καὶ ἐκεῖνοι μὴ ἐπίστευον, ἀλλ' οἱ μετ' αὐτοὺς ἔμελλον αὐτὰ δέχεσθαι καὶ κερδαίνειν. Καθικνούμενος τοίνυν αὐτοῦ σφοδρότατα, δείκνυσι λοιπὸν ὅτι οὐ ταῦτα οἶδε μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἕτερα πολλῷ πλείω τούτων καὶ μείζω Ὅθεν καὶ τοῦτο διὰ τῆς ἐπαγωγῆς ἐδήλωσεν, οὕτως εἰπών· Καὶ οὐδεὶς ἀναβέβηκεν εἰς τὸν οὐρανὸν, εἰ μὴ ὁ ἐκ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ καταβὰς, ὁ Υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου, ὁ ὢν ἐν τῷ οὐρανῷ. Καὶ ποία αὕτη ἡ ἀκολουθία, φησί; Μεγίστη μὲν οὖν, καὶ σφόδρα τοῖς ἔμπροσθεν συνᾴδουσα. Ἐπειδὴ γὰρ ἐκεῖνος εἶπεν, ὅτι Οἴδαμεν ὅτι ἀπὸ Θεοῦ ἐλήλυθας διδάσκαλος, τοῦτο αὐτὸ διορθοῦται, μονονουχὶ λέγων· μὴ νομίσῃς με οὕτως εἶναι διδάσκαλον ὡς τοὺς πολλοὺς τῶν προφητῶν ἀπὸ γῆς ὄντας. Ἐξ οὐρανοῦ γὰρ πάρειμι νῦν. Τῶν μὲν γὰρ προφητῶν οὐδεὶς ἀναβέβηκεν ἐκεῖ· ἐγὼ δὲ ἐκεῖ διατρίβω. Εἶδες πῶς καὶ τὸ σφόδρα δοκοῦν ὑψηλὸν εἶναι, σφόδρα ἀνάξιον αὐτοῦ τῆς μεγαλωσύνης ἐστίν; Οὐ γὰρ ἐν οὐρανῷ μόνον ἐστὶν, ἀλλὰ καὶ πανταχοῦ, καὶ πάντα πληροῖ. Ἀλλ' ἔτι πρὸς τὴν ἀσθένειαν τοῦ ἀκροατοῦ διαλέγεται, κατὰ μικρὸν αὐτὸν ἀνάγειν βουλόμενος. Υἱὸν δὲ ἀνθρώπου ἐνταῦθα οὐ τὴν σάρκα ἐκάλεσεν, ἀλλ' ἀπὸ τῆς ἐλάττονος οὐσίας ὅλον ἑαυτὸν, ἵν' οὕτως εἴπω, ὠνόμασε νῦν. Καὶ γὰρ τοῦτο ἔθος αὐτῷ, πολλάκις μὲν ἀπὸ τῆς θεότητος, πολλάκις δὲ ἀπὸ τῆς ἀνθρωπότητος τὸ πᾶν καλεῖν. Καὶ καθὼς Μωϋσῆς ὕψωσε τὸν ὄφιν ἐν τῇ ἐρήμῳ, φησὶν, οὕτως ὑψωθῆναι δεῖ τὸν Υἱὸν τοῦ ἀνθρώπου. Πάλιν καὶ τοῦτο δοκεῖ ἀπηρτῆσθαι τῶν ἔμπροσθεν, πολλὴν δὲ καὶ αὐτὸ τὴν συνάφειαν ἔχει. Εἰπὼν γὰρ τὴν μεγίστην εἰς ἀνθρώπους γεγεννημένην εὐεργεσίαν διὰ τοῦ βαπτίσματος, ἐπάγει καὶ τὴν ταύτης αἰτίαν, καὶ ἐκείνης οὐκ ἐλάττονα, τὴν διὰ τοῦ σταυροῦ. Ὥσπερ οὖν καὶ Παῦλος Κορινθίοις διαλεγόμενος, ταύτας ὁμοῦ τίθησι τὰς εὐεργεσίας, οὕτω λέγων· Μὴ Παῦλος ἐσταυρώθη ὑπὲρ ὑμῶν, ἢ εἰς τὸ ὄνομα Παύλου ἐβαπτίσθητε; Μάλιστα γὰρ πάντων τὰ δύο ταῦτα τὴν ἄφατον αὐτοῦ δείκνυσιν ἀγάπην, ὅτι τε ὑπὲρ ἐχθρῶν ἔπαθε, καὶ ὅτι ἀποθανὼν ὑπὲρ ἐχθρῶν, διὰ τοῦ βαπτίσματος ὁλόκληρον τῶν ἁμαρτημάτων τὴν συγχώρησιν ἐδωρήσατο. βʹ. Τίνος δὲ ἕνεκεν οὐκ εἶπε σαφῶς, ὅτι μέλλω σταυροῦσθαι, ἀλλ' ἐπὶ τὸν παλαιὸν παρέπεμψε τύπον τοὺς ἀκροατάς; Πρῶτον μὲν, ἵνα μάθωσιν ὅτι συγγενῆ τὰ παλαιὰ τοῖς καινοῖς, καὶ οὐκ ἀλλότρια τούτων ἐκεῖνα· ἔπειτα ἵνα γνῷς, ὅτι οὐκ ἄκων ἐπὶ τὸ πάθος ἤρχετο· καὶ ἔτι πρὸς τούτοις ἵνα μάθῃς, ὅτι οὔτε αὐτῷ τις ἀπὸ τοῦ πράγματος γίνεται βλάβη, καὶ πολλοῖς ἐντεῦθεν τίκτεται σωτηρία. Ἵνα γὰρ μή τις λέγῃ, καὶ πῶς ἔνι εἰς τὸν σταυρωθέντα πιστεύσαντας σωθῆναι, ὅταν καὶ αὐτὸς ὑπὸ θανάτου κατεσχημένος 59.159 ᾖ; ἐπὶ τὴν παλαιὰν ἡμᾶς ἱστορίαν ἄγει. Εἰ γὰρ πρὸς εἰκόνα χαλκῆν ὄφεως ἰδόντες Ἰουδαῖοι διέφυγον θάνατον· πολλῷ μᾶλλον οἱ εἰς τὸν ἐσταυρωμένον πιστεύοντες, εἰκότως καὶ πολλῷ μείζονος ἀπολαύσονται τῆς εὐεργεσίας. Οὐ γὰρ διὰ τὴν ἀσθένειαν τοῦ σταυρουμένου, οὐδὲ διὰ τὸ περιγενέσθαι Ἰουδαίους τοῦτο γίνεται, ἀλλ' ἐπειδὴ Ἠγάπησεν ὁ Θεὸς τὸν κόσμον, διὰ τοῦτο ὁ ἔμψυχος αὐτοῦ ναὸς σταυροῦται. Ἵνα πᾶς ὁ πιστεύων εἰς αὐτὸν, μὴ ἀπόληται, ἀλλ' ἔχῃ ζωὴν αἰώνιον. Ὁρᾷς τὴν τοῦ σταυροῦ