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to add again to the things that have been said (for He no longer seeks only a merciful person, but also commands him to give up his tunic; nor one simply meek, but also to turn the other cheek to the one who wishes to strike it), He first removes what seems to be a contradiction. For this very reason, as I have already said, He has not said this just once, but a second time. For having said, Think not that I have come to destroy, He added: I have not come to destroy, but to fulfill. For verily I say unto you, Till heaven and earth pass, one jot or one tittle shall in no wise pass from the law, till all be fulfilled. What He says is something like this: It is impossible for it to remain unfulfilled, but even the least part of it must be fulfilled. Which He himself did, completing it with all exactness. And here He hints to us, that the entire world is also transformed. And He has not set this down simply, but in order to lift up the hearer, and to show that He justly introduced another way of life; if indeed all things of creation were also about to be transformed, and the race of men to be called to another fatherland, and a higher preparation of life. Whosoever therefore shall break one of these least commandments, and shall teach men so, he shall be called the least in the 57.243 kingdom of heaven. For since He cleared Himself of the evil suspicion, and had silenced those who wished to contradict, then at last He also inspires fear, and lays down a very great threat concerning the legislation that is to come. For that He spoke not concerning the old laws, but concerning those which He Himself was about to legislate, listen to what follows. For I say unto you, He says, Except your righteousness shall exceed the righteousness of the scribes and Pharisees, you shall in no case enter into the kingdom of heaven. But if He was threatening concerning the old laws, how did He say, Unless it shall exceed? For those doing the same things which they did, it was not possible to exceed in the matter of righteousness. But what was the exceeding part? Not to be angry, not even to look at a woman licentiously. 4. For what reason then did He call them least, although they are so great and lofty? Because He Himself was about to introduce the legislation. For just as He humbled Himself, and in many places says moderate things about Himself; so also about His own legislation, teaching us in this too to be moderate in all things. And otherwise, since there seemed to be some suspicion of innovation, for the time being He uses reserved language. But when you hear "least in the kingdom of heaven," suspect nothing other than gehenna and punishment. For He is accustomed to call "kingdom" not only the enjoyment, but also the time of the resurrection, and that fearful advent. Since how would it be reasonable, for the one who calls his brother a fool, and has transgressed one commandment, to fall into gehenna; but for the one who breaks them all, and leads others to do this, to be in the kingdom? He does not say this, therefore, but that at that time he will be least, cast out, last; and the last will certainly fall into gehenna then. For being God, He foreknew the laziness of the many, and that some are going to think that the things said are only hyperbole, and to rationalize the laws, and to say, If then someone calls another a fool, is he punished? If then someone simply looks, does he become an adulterer? For this reason, then, to do away with this contempt beforehand, He has set a very great threat for both, both for those who transgress, and for those who lead others to do this. Knowing therefore the threat, let us neither transgress ourselves, nor discourage those who wish to keep these things. But whoever shall do and teach them, He says, shall be called great. For we must not be useful to ourselves alone, but also to others. For the reward is not equal for the one who sets himself right, and for the one who in addition to himself adds another. For just as teaching without doing condemns the one who teaches (For you who teach another, He says, do you not teach yourself?); so to do, but not to guide others, lessens the reward. It is necessary, therefore, to be preeminent in both, and having first set oneself right, so also to proceed to the care of others. For this reason He Himself also placed doing before teaching, showing that thus

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εἰρημένων προστιθέναι πάλιν (οὐκέτι γὰρ ἐλεήμονα ζητεῖ μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ τοῦ χιτωνίσκου ἐξίστασθαι κελεύει· οὐδὲ πρᾶον ἁπλῶς, ἀλλὰ καὶ τὴν ἑτέραν σιαγόνα στρέφειν τῷ βουλομένῳ ῥαπίζειν), τὴν δοκοῦσαν ἀντίθεσιν εἶναι πρότερον ἀναιρεῖ. ∆ιὰ δὴ τοῦτο, ὅπερ ἔφθην εἰπὼν, οὐδὲ ἅπαξ τοῦτο εἴρηκεν, ἀλλὰ καὶ δεύτερον. Εἰπὼν γὰρ, Μὴ νομίσητε, ὅτι ἦλθον καταλῦσαι, ἐπήγαγεν· Οὐκ ἦλθον καταλῦσαι, ἀλλὰ πληρῶσαι. Ἀμὴν γὰρ λέγω ὑμῖν· Ἐὰν παρέλθῃ ὁ οὐρανὸς καὶ ἡ γῆ, ἰῶτα ἓν ἢ μία κεραία οὐ μὴ παρέλθῃ τοῦ νόμου, ἕως ἂν πάντα γένηται. Ὃ δὲ λέγει, τοιοῦτόν ἐστιν· Ἀμήχανον ἀτέλεστον μεῖναι, ἀλλὰ καὶ τὸ βραχύτατον αὐτοῦ πληρωθῆναι δεῖ. Ὅπερ αὐτὸς ἐποίησε, μετὰ ἀκριβείας αὐτὸν ἁπάσης ἀπαρτίσας. Ἐνταῦθα δὲ ἡμῖν αἰνίττεται, ὅτι καὶ ὁ κόσμος ἅπας μετασχηματίζεται. Καὶ οὐχ ἁπλῶς αὐτὸ τέθεικεν, ἀλλ' ἵνα ἐπάρῃ τὸν ἀκροατὴν, καὶ δείξῃ δικαίως ἑτέραν εἰσαγαγὼν πολιτείαν· εἴγε μέλλοι καὶ τὰ τῆς κτίσεως ἅπαντα μετασχηματίζεσθαι, καὶ τὸ τῶν ἀνθρώπων γένος πρὸς ἑτέραν καλεῖσθαι πατρίδα, καὶ βίου παρασκευὴν ὑψηλοτέραν. Ὃς ἐὰν οὖν λύσῃ μίαν τῶν ἐντολῶν τούτων τῶν ἐλαχίστων, καὶ διδάξῃ οὕτω τοὺς ἀνθρώπους, ἐλάχιστος κληθήσεται ἐν τῇ 57.243 βασιλείᾳ τῶν οὐρανῶν. Ἐπειδὴ γὰρ ἀπήλλαξεν ἑαυτὸν τῆς πονηρᾶς ὑποψίας, καὶ τοὺς βουλομένους ἀντιλέγειν ἐπεστόμισε, τότε λοιπὸν καὶ φοβεῖ, καὶ ἀπειλὴν τίθησι μεγίστην ὑπὲρ τῆς μελλούσης νομοθεσίας. Ὅτι γὰρ οὐχ ὑπὲρ τῶν παλαιῶν νόμων εἴρηκεν, ἀλλ' ὑπὲρ ὧν αὐτὸς ἔμελλε νομοθετεῖν, ἄκουσον τῶν ἑξῆς. Λέγω γὰρ ὑμῖν, φησίν· Ἐὰν μὴ περισσεύσῃ ἡ δικαιοσύνη ὑμῶν πλέον τῶν γραμματέων καὶ Φαρισαίων, οὐ μὴ εἰσέλθητε εἰς τὴν βασιλείαν τῶν οὐρανῶν. Εἰ δὲ περὶ τῶν παλαιῶν ἠπείλει νόμων, πῶς ἔλεγεν, Ἐὰν μὴ περισσεύσῃ; Τοὺς γὰρ τὰ αὐτὰ ποιοῦντας, ἅπερ ἐποίουν ἐκεῖνοι, οὐκ ἦν περισσεῦσαι κατὰ τὸν τῆς δικαιοσύνης λόγον. Ἀλλὰ ποῖον ἦν τὸ περισσόν; Τὸ μὴ ὀργισθῆναι, τὸ μηδὲ ἐμβλέψαι εἰς γυναῖκα ἀκολάστως. δʹ. Τίνος οὖν ἕνεκεν ἐλαχίστας αὐτὰς ἐκάλεσε, καίτοι οὕτω μεγάλας καὶ ὑψηλὰς οὔσας; Ἐπειδὴ αὐτὸς τὴν νομοθεσίαν εἰσάγειν ἔμελλεν. Ὥσπερ γὰρ ἑαυτὸν ἐταπείνωσε, καὶ μέτρια πολλαχοῦ περὶ ἑαυτοῦ φθέγγεται· οὕτω καὶ περὶ τῆς ἑαυτοῦ νομοθεσίας, παιδεύων ἡμᾶς κἀν τούτῳ πανταχοῦ μετριάζειν. Ἄλλως δὲ καὶ ἐπειδὴ καινοτομίας ἐδόκει τις ὑποψία εἶναι, ὑπεσταλμένως τέως κέχρηται τῷ λόγῳ. Ὅταν δὲ ἀκούσῃς ἐλάχιστον ἐν τῇ βασιλείᾳ τῶν οὐρανῶν, μηδὲν ἄλλο ὑπόπτευε ἢ γέενναν καὶ κόλασιν. Βασιλείαν γὰρ οἶδεν οὐχὶ τὴν ἀπόλαυσιν μόνον λέγειν, ἀλλὰ καὶ τὸν καιρὸν τῆς ἀναστάσεως, καὶ τὴν παρουσίαν ἐκείνην τὴν φοβεράν. Ἐπεὶ πῶς ἂν ἔχοι λόγον, τὸν μὲν εἰπόντα τὸν ἀδελφὸν μωρὸν, καὶ μίαν παραβάντα ἐντολὴν, εἰς τὴν γέενναν ἐμπεσεῖν· τὸν δὲ ὅλας λύοντα, καὶ ἑτέρους εἰς τοῦτο ἐνάγοντα, ἐν τῇ βασιλείᾳ εἶναι; Οὐ τοίνυν τοῦτό φησιν, ἀλλ' ὅτι ἐν ἐκείνῳ τῷ καιρῷ ἐλάχιστος ἔσται, ἀπεῤῥιμμένος, ἔσχατος· ὁ δὲ ἔσχατος πάντως εἰς τὴν γέενναν ἐμπεσεῖται τότε. Καὶ γὰρ Θεὸς ὢν προῄδει τὴν τῶν πολλῶν ῥᾳθυμίαν, καὶ ὅτι μέλλουσί τινες ὑπερβολῆς νομίζειν εἶναι τὰ εἰρημένα μόνης, καὶ συλλογίζεσθαι τοὺς νόμους, καὶ λέγειν· Ἐὰν οὖν τις μωρὸν καλέσῃ, κολάζεται; ἐὰν οὖν ἴδῃ τις ἁπλῶς, μοιχὸς γίνεται; ∆ιὸ δὴ ταύτην προαναιρῶν τὴν ὀλιγωρίαν, ἀπειλὴν τέθεικε μεγίστην ἑκατέροις, καὶ τοῖς παραβαίνουσι, καὶ τοῖς ἑτέρους εἰς τοῦτο ἐνάγουσιν. Εἰδότες τοίνυν τὴν ἀπειλὴν, μήτε αὐτοὶ παραβαίνωμεν, μήτε τοὺς βουλομένους ταῦτα φυλάττειν ἐκλύωμεν. Ὃς δ' ἂν ποιήσῃ καὶ διδάξῃ, φησὶ, μέγας κληθήσεται. Οὐ γὰρ ἑαυτοῖς δεῖ χρησίμους εἶναι μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἑτέροις. Καὶ γὰρ οὐκ ἴσος ὁ μισθὸς τῷ ἑαυτὸν κατορθοῦντι, καὶ τῷ μεθ' ἑαυτοῦ καὶ ἕτερον προστιθέντι. Ὥσπερ γὰρ τὸ διδάσκειν ἄνευ τοῦ ποιεῖν, κρίνει τὸν διδάσκοντα (Ὁ γὰρ διδάσκων, φησὶν, ἕτερον, σεαυτὸν οὐ διδάσκεις;)· οὕτω τὸ ποιεῖν μὲν, ἑτέροις δὲ μὴ ὑφηγεῖσθαι, ἐλαττοῖ τὸν μισθόν. ∆εῖ τοίνυν ἐν ἑκατέροις ἄκρον εἶναι, καὶ πρότερον ἑαυτὸν κατορθώσαντα, οὕτω καὶ ἐπὶ τὴν τῶν ἄλλων ἐκβῆναι ἐπιμέλειαν. ∆ιὰ γὰρ τοῦτο καὶ αὐτὸς τὴν ποίησιν πρὸ τῆς διδασκαλίας ἔθηκε, δεικνὺς ὅτι οὕτω