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demands more of us than the former measures, He then begins His legislation, not simply, but by comparison with the old laws; wishing to show two things, that He is not legislating these things in opposition to the former, but in strong agreement with them, and that reasonably and very opportunely He adds the second to them. In order that this may become clearer, let us listen to the very words of the Lawgiver. What then does He Himself say? You have heard that it was said to them of old time: You shall not kill. And yet He who gave those things, is He Himself; but for the time being He puts them impersonally. For if He had said, 'You have heard that I said to them of old time,' the saying would have been difficult to accept, and would have offended all who heard; or if again, having said, 'You have heard that it was said to them of old time by My Father,' He had added, 'But I say,' the presumption would have seemed greater. Wherefore He has set it down simply, establishing one thing only from it, to show that He came at the proper time saying these things. For by saying, 'That it was said to them of old time,' He indicated the long time since they received this commandment. And He did this, to shame the hearer who shrinks from ascending to the higher precepts; just as a teacher might say to an idle child: 'Do you not know how much time you have spent studying syllables?' Hinting at this also Himself by the name 'of old time,' He then calls them to the greater teachings, as if He said: 'You have had enough time studying these things, and it is necessary now to press on to things higher than these.' And it is well also not to confuse the order of the commandments, but to begin from the first, from which the law also began; for this too is a sign of His agreement. But I say to you, that whoever is angry with his brother without a cause shall be in danger of the judgment. Have you seen perfect authority? Have you seen the form befitting a lawgiver? For what prophet ever spoke thus? What righteous man? What patriarch? None; but, 'Thus says the Lord.' But not so the Son. For they proclaimed the things of the Master, but He the things of the Father. And when I say the things of the Father, I say His own things; 'For all Mine,' He says, 'are Yours, and Yours are Mine.' And they legislated for their fellow-servants, but He for His own servants. Let us ask then those who reject the law: Is not being angry contrary to not killing, or rather is this its perfection and establishment? It is evident that this is its fulfillment, and greater on this account. 57.246 For he who is not carried away to anger will much more abstain from murder; and he who bridles his wrath will much more keep his hands to himself. For the root of murder is wrath. He therefore who cuts out the root will much more destroy the branches; or rather, he will not even let them grow in the first place. 2. Therefore, He did not legislate these things for the destruction of the law, but for its greater observance. For with what intention did the law command these things? Was it not that no one should kill his neighbor? Therefore, for one fighting the law, it would be to command killing; for to kill is contrary to not killing; but if He does not even permit being angry, which is what the law intended, He establishes it all the more. For he who practices not killing will not abstain from murder in the same way as he who has also destroyed anger; for the latter stands further away from the audacious act. But that we may also take them in another way, let us bring forward all that they say. What then are the things they say? They say that the God who made the world, who makes His sun to rise on the evil and on the good, who sends rain on the just and on the unjust, is some evil being. But those of them who are supposedly more moderate decline this, but by saying He is just, they deprive Him of being good; and they assign to Christ another Father, one who is not, nor who has made any of the things that are. And they say that the one who is not good remains in his own things, and preserves his own things; but that the good one desires what belongs to others, and of those things of which he was not the creator, he suddenly wishes to become their savior. Have you seen the children of the devil, how they speak from the spring of their father, alienating the creation from God, while John cries out, that 'He came unto His own;' and, 'The world was made by Him'? Then the

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πλέον ἡμᾶς ἀπαιτεῖ τῶν προτέρων μέτρων, ἄρχεται τῆς νομοθεσίας λοιπὸν, οὐχ ἁπλῶς, ἀλλὰ κατὰ σύγκρισιν τῶν παλαιῶν νομίμων· δύο ταῦτα δεῖξαι βουλόμενος, ὅτι τε οὐ μαχόμενος τοῖς προτέροις, ἀλλὰ καὶ σφόδρα συμφωνῶν ταῦτα νομοθετεῖ, καὶ ὅτι εἰκότως καὶ σφόδρα εὐκαίρως τὰ δεύτερα ἐκείνοις προστίθησιν. Ὅπερ ἵνα καὶ σαφέστερον γένηται, αὐτῶν ἐπακούσωμεν τῶν τοῦ νομοθέτου ῥημάτων. Τί οὖν αὐτός φησιν; Ἠκούσατε ὅτι ἐῤῥέθη τοῖς ἀρχαίοις· Οὐ φονεύσεις. Καίτοι ὁ καὶ ἐκεῖνα δοὺς, αὐτός ἐστιν· ἀλλὰ τέως ἀπροσώπως αὐτὰ τίθησιν. Εἴτε γὰρ εἶπεν, ὅτι Ἠκούσατε ὅτι εἶπον τοῖς ἀρχαίοις, δυσπαράδεκτος ὁ λόγος ἐγίνετο, καὶ πᾶσιν ἂν προσέστη τοῖς ἀκούουσιν· εἴτε αὖ πάλιν εἰπὼν, ὅτι Ἠκούσατε ὅτι ἐῤῥέθη τοῖς ἀρχαίοις παρὰ τοῦ Πατρός μου, ἐπήγαγεν, Ἐγὼ δὲ λέγω, μείζων ἂν ἔδοξεν εἶναι ὁ αὐθαδιασμός. ∆ιὸ δὴ ἁπλῶς αὐτὸ τέθεικεν, ἓν μόνον ἀπ' αὐτοῦ κατασκευάζων, τὸ δεῖξαι ὅτι εἰς καιρὸν ἦλθε τὸν προσήκοντα ταῦτα λέγων. Τῷ γὰρ εἰπεῖν, Ὅτι ἐῤῥέθη τοῖς ἀρχαίοις, ἐνέφηνε πολὺν τὸν χρόνον, ἐξ οὗ τὴν ἐντολὴν ταύτην ἔλαβον. Τοῦτο δὲ ἐποίησεν, ἵνα ἐντρέψῃ τὸν ἀκροατὴν τὸν ἀναδυόμενον πρὸς τὰ ὑψηλότερα ἐκβῆναι τῶν ἐπιταγμάτων· ὡσανεὶ διδάσκαλος παιδίῳ ῥᾳθυμοῦντι λέγοι· Οὐκ οἶσθα πόσον ἀνήλωσας χρόνον συλλαβὰς μελετῶν; Τοῦτο δὲ καὶ αὐτὸς αἰνιττόμενος τῷ τῶν ἀρχαίων ὀνόματι, ἐκκαλεῖται λοιπὸν αὐτοὺς πρὸς τὰ μείζονα τῶν διδαγμάτων, ὡσανεὶ ἔλεγεν· Ἀρκοῦντα ἔχετε χρόνον ταῦτα μελετῶντες, καὶ δεῖ λοιπὸν πρὸς τὰ ὑψηλότερα τούτων ἐπείγεσθαι. Εὖ δὲ καὶ τὸ μὴ συγχεῖν τὴν τάξιν τῶν ἐντολῶν, ἀλλ' ἀπὸ τῆς προτέρας ἄρξασθαι πρώτης, ἀφ' ἧς καὶ ὁ νόμος ἤρξατο· καὶ γὰρ καὶ τοῦτο δεικνύντος ἐστὶ τὴν συμφωνίαν. Ἐγὼ δὲ λέγω ὑμῖν, ὅτι ὁ ὀργιζόμενος τῷ ἀδελφῷ αὐτοῦ εἰκῆ, ἔνοχος ἔσται τῇ κρίσει. Εἶδες ἐξουσίαν ἀπηρτισμένην; εἶδες σχῆμα νομοθέτῃ πρέπον; Τίς γὰρ προφητῶν οὕτω ποτὲ ἐφθέγξατο; τίς δικαίων; τίς πατριαρχῶν; Οὐδείς· ἀλλὰ, Τάδε λέγει Κύριος. Ἀλλ' οὐχ ὁ Υἱὸς οὕτως. Ἐκεῖνοι γὰρ τὰ τοῦ ∆εσπότου διήγγελλον, οὗτος δὲ τὰ τοῦ Πατρός. Ὅταν δὲ εἴπω τὰ τοῦ Πατρὸς, τὰ αὐτοῦ λέγω· Τὰ γὰρ ἐμὰ, φησὶ, σά ἐστι, καὶ τὰ σὰ, ἐμά. Καὶ οἱ μὲν τοῖς ὁμοδούλοις, ὁ δὲ τοῖς αὐτοῦ δούλοις ἐνομοθέτει. Ἐρωτήσωμεν τοίνυν τοὺς τὸν νόμον ἐκβάλλοντας· Τὸ μὴ ὀργίζεσθαι τοῦ μὴ φονεύειν ἐναντίον, ἢ μᾶλλον ἐκείνου τελείωσις τοῦτο καὶ κατασκευή; Εὔδηλον ὅτι τοῦτο ἐκείνου πλήρωσις, καὶ μεῖζον τούτου ἕνεκεν. 57.246 Ὁ γὰρ πρὸς ὀργὴν οὐκ ἐκφερόμενος, πολλῷ μᾶλλον φόνου ἀφέξεται· καὶ ὁ θυμὸν χαλινῶν, πολλῷ μᾶλλον τὰς χεῖρας καθέξει παρ' ἑαυτῷ. Ῥίζα γὰρ τοῦ φόνου, θυμός. Ὁ τοίνυν τὴν ῥίζαν ἐκκόπτων, πολλῷ μᾶλλον ἀναιρήσει τοὺς κλάδους· μᾶλλον δὲ οὐδὲ φῦναι τὴν ἀρχὴν ἐάσει. ʹ. Οὐκοῦν οὐκ ἐπ' ἀναιρέσει τοῦ νόμου, ἀλλ' ἐπὶ πλείονι ταῦτα ἐνομοθέτει φυλακῇ. Τί γὰρ βουλόμενος ὁ νόμος ταῦτα ἐπέταξεν; Οὐχ ἵνα μηδεὶς φονεύῃ τὸν πλησίον; Οὐκοῦν τοῦ μαχομένου τῷ νόμῳ, τὸ κελεύειν φονεύειν ἦν· τὸ γὰρ φονεύειν τοῦ μὴ φονεύειν ἐναντίον· εἰ δὲ μηδὲ ὀργίζεσθαι ἐπιτρέπει, ὅπερ ὁ νόμος ἐβούλετο, τοῦτο μᾶλλον ἵστησιν. Οὐ γὰρ ὁμοίως ἀφέξεται φόνου ὁ μελετῶν μὴ φονεύειν τῷ καὶ τὴν ὀργὴν ἀνῃρηκότι· ποῤῥωτέρω γὰρ οὗτος ἕστηκε τοῦ τολμήματος. Ἵνα δὲ καὶ ἑτέρως αὐτοὺς ἕλωμεν, εἰς μέσον ἃ λέγουσιν ἀγάγωμεν ἅπαντα. Τίνα οὖν ἐστιν ἅ φασι; Λέγουσιν, ὅτι ὁ τὸν κόσμον ποιήσας Θεὸς, ὁ τὸν ἥλιον ἀνατέλλων ἐπὶ πονηροὺς καὶ ἀγαθοὺς, ὁ βρέχων ἐπὶ δικαίους καὶ ἀδίκους, πονηρός τίς ἐστιν. Οἱ δὲ ἐπιεικέστεροι δῆθεν αὐτῶν τοῦτο μὲν παραιτοῦνται, δίκαιον δὲ αὐτὸν εἶναι λέγοντες ἀποστεροῦσι τοῦ εἶναι ἀγαθόν· ἕτερον δέ τινα, τὸν οὐκ ὄντα, οὔτε ποιήσαντά τι τῶν ὄντων, Πατέρα διδόασι τῷ Χριστῷ. Καὶ τὸν μὲν οὐκ ἀγαθὸν ἐν τοῖς αὐτοῦ μένειν, καὶ τὰ αὐτοῦ διατηρεῖν φασι· τὸν δὲ ἀγαθὸν τῶν ἀλλοτρίων ἐφίεσθαι, καὶ ὧν οὐκ ἐγένετο δημιουργὸς, τούτων ἐξαίφνης βούλεσθαι γενέσθαι σωτῆρα. Εἶδες τοῦ διαβόλου τὰ τέκνα, πῶς ἀπὸ τῆς πηγῆς τοῦ πατρὸς φθέγγονται, ἀλλοτριοῦντες τοῦ Θεοῦ τὴν δημιουργίαν, τοῦ Ἰωάννου βοῶντος, ὅτι Εἰς τὰ ἴδια ἦλθε· καὶ, Ὁ κόσμος δι' αὐτοῦ ἐγένετο; Εἶτα τὸν