110

Examining the law in the Old [Testament], which commands to take out an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth, they immediately attack, saying: "And how could he be good who says these things?" What then do we say to these things? That it is the greatest form of philanthropy. For He did not establish this law so that we might pluck out each other's eyes; but so that, from fear of suffering at the hands of others, we might abstain from doing such a thing to others. Just as He threatened the Ninevites with destruction, not in order to destroy them (for if He had wished this, He should have been silent), but so that, by making them better through fear, He might cease His anger; so also He established a punishment for those who rashly attack the eyes of others, so that even if from a good intention they are not willing to abstain from cruelty, they may be prevented by fear from doing injury to the sight of their neighbors. But if that is cruelty, so is restraining the murderer, and hindering the adulterer. But these are the words of foolish men, and of those raging with the utmost madness. For I am so far from saying that these things are of cruelty, that I would say the opposite of these things is unlawful according to human reason. For you say that because He commanded to take out an eye for an eye, for this reason He is cruel; but I say that if He had not commanded this, then it would have seemed to the many to be what you say. For let us suppose, for the sake of argument, that the entire law has been dissolved, and that no one fears the punishment from it, but that it is permitted for all the wicked with all impunity to indulge their ways, both adulterers, and murderers, and thieves, and perjurers, and parricides; would not everything have been turned upside down, and cities, and 57.247 marketplaces, and houses, and land, and sea, and the entire inhabited world have been filled with countless pollutions and murders? It is clear to everyone. For if, when there are laws and fear and threat, wicked intentions are scarcely restrained; if this security were also removed, what would prevent choosing evil? And what great ruin would not have burst into human life? For not only is this cruelty, to permit the wicked to do what they want; but also another thing no less than this, to overlook, without providing for, the one who has done no wrong, but suffers evil rashly and in vain. For tell me, if someone, having gathered wicked men from everywhere and armed them with swords, commanded them to go around the entire city and to slaughter everyone they met, would there be anything more bestial than this? What then? If another bound those armed by that man and imprisoned them with all severity, and snatched from the hands of those lawless men those about to be slaughtered; would there be anything more philanthropic than this? Apply these examples, then, to the law. For he who commands to pluck out an eye for an eye, cast fear, like some strong chain, upon the souls of the wicked, and resembles that one who imprisoned those swordsmen; but he who establishes no punishment for them, all but arms them with impunity, and imitates that one who handed them the swords and let them loose against the entire city. 7. Do you see how the commands are not only not of cruelty, but also of great philanthropy? But if you call the lawgiver harsh and burdensome because of these things, which is more toilsome, tell me, and more burdensome? Not to murder, or not even to be angry? Who is more severe, the one demanding justice for murder, or the one for anger too, the one subjecting the adulterer to punishment after the deed, or the one commanding to give an account for desire itself, and an eternal account? Do you see that their argument has been turned to its opposite? And the God of the Old [Testament], whom they say is cruel, will be found gentle and meek; but the God of the New [Testament], whom they confess to be good, is burdensome and harsh according to their foolishness. For we say that the lawgiver of both Testaments is one and the same, who has ordered all things for what is needful, and has adapted the difference of each legislation to the difference of the times. Therefore neither were those commands cruel, nor are these burdensome and oppressive, but of one and the same solicitude

110

νόμον ἐξετάζοντες τὸν ἐν τῇ Παλαιᾷ, τὸν κελεύοντα ὀφθαλμὸν ἀντὶ ὀφθαλμοῦ καὶ ὀδόντα ἀντὶ ὀδόντος ἐκβάλλειν, ἐπεμβαίνουσιν εὐθέως λέγοντες· Καὶ πῶς ἂν δύναιτο ἀγαθὸς εἶναι ὁ ταῦτα λέγων; Τί οὖν πρὸς ταῦτά φαμεν; Ὅτι μέγιστον εἶδος φιλανθρωπίας ἐστίν. Οὐ γὰρ ἵνα τοὺς ἀλλήλων ἐκκόπτωμεν ὀφθαλμοὺς, τὸν νόμον ἔθηκε τοῦτον· ἀλλ' ἵνα φόβῳ τοῦ μὴ παθεῖν ὑφ' ἑτέρων, ἀπεχώμεθα τοῦ δρᾶσαί τι τοιοῦτον ἑτέρους. Ὥσπερ οὖν τοῖς Νινευΐταις ἠπείλησε καταστροφὴν, οὐχ ἵνα αὐτοὺς ἀνέλῃ (εἰ γὰρ τοῦτο ἐβούλετο, σιγᾷν ἐχρῆν), ἀλλ' ἵνα τῷ φόβῳ βελτίους ποιήσας, παύσῃ τὴν ὀργήν· οὕτω καὶ τοῖς προχείρως ἐπιπηδῶσι τοῖς ἑτέρων ὀφθαλμοῖς τιμωρίαν ἔθηκεν, ἵνα κἂν ἀπὸ προαιρέσεως ἀγαθῆς μὴ βούλωνται ἀπέχεσθαι τῆς ὠμότητος, ἀπὸ τοῦ φόβου κωλυθῶσι λυμαίνεσθαι ταῖς τῶν πλησίον ὄψεσιν. Εἰ δὲ ἐκεῖνο ὠμότητος, καὶ τὸ κατέχεσθαι τὸν ἀνδροφόνον, καὶ τὸ κωλύεσθαι τὸν μοιχόν. Ἀλλ' ἀνοήτων ταῦτα τὰ ῥήματα, καὶ τὴν ἐσχάτην μαινομένων μανίαν. Ἐγὼ γὰρ τοσούτου δέω ταῦτα ὠμότητος εἶναι λέγειν, ὡς τἀναντία τούτοις φάναι εἶναι παράνομα κατὰ ἀνθρώπινον λογισμόν. Σὺ μὲν γὰρ λέγεις, ὅτι ἐπειδὴ ὀφθαλμὸν ἀντὶ ὀφθαλμοῦ ἐκβάλλειν ἐκέλευσε, διὰ τοῦτο ὠμός· ἐγὼ δὲ λέγω, ὅτι εἰ μὴ τοῦτο ἐκέλευσε, τότε ἂν ἔδοξε παρὰ τοῖς πολλοῖς τοῦτο εἶναι ὃ φῂς σύ. Θῶμεν γὰρ τῷ λόγῳ λελύσθαι τὸν νόμον ἅπαντα, καὶ μηδένα τὴν ἐκ τούτου δεδοικέναι τιμωρίαν, ἀλλ' ἐξεῖναι τοῖς πονηροῖς ἅπασι μετὰ ἀδείας ἁπάσης αὐτῶν κεχρῆσθαι τῷ τρόπῳ, καὶ τοῖς μοιχοῖς, καὶ τοῖς ἀνδροφόνοις, καὶ τοῖς κλέπταις, καὶ τοῖς ἐπιόρκοις, καὶ τοῖς πατραλοίαις· ἆρα οὐκ ἂν πάντα ἄνω καὶ κάτω γέγονε, καὶ μυρίων μιασμάτων καὶ φόνων πόλεις, καὶ 57.247 ἀγοραὶ, καὶ οἰκίαι, καὶ γῆ, καὶ θάλαττα, καὶ πᾶσα ἐνεπλήσθη ἡ οἰκουμένη; Παντί που δῆλον. Εἰ γὰρ νόμων ὄντων καὶ φόβου καὶ ἀπειλῆς, μόλις αἱ πονηραὶ ἐπέχονται γνῶμαι· εἰ καὶ αὕτη ἀνῄρητο ἡ ἀσφάλεια, τί τὸ κωλύον τὴν κακίαν αἱρεῖσθαι; πόση δὲ οὐκ ἂν εἰσεκώμασεν εἰς τὸν ἀνθρώπινον βίον ἡ λύμη; Οὐδὲ γὰρ τοῦτο ὠμότητος μόνον, τὸ συγχωρεῖν τοῖς κακοῖς ἃ βούλονται πράττειν· ἀλλὰ καὶ ἕτερον οὐκ ἔλαττον τούτου, τὸ τὸν ἠδικηκότα μὲν οὐδὲν, κακῶς δὲ πάσχοντα εἰκῆ καὶ μάτην, περιορᾷν ἀπρονόητον. Εἰπὲ γάρ μοι, εἴ τις ἀνθρώπους μοχθηροὺς πανταχόθεν συναγαγὼν, καὶ ξίφεσιν ὁπλίσας, ἐκέλευσε κατὰ τὴν πόλιν περιιέναι πᾶσαν, καὶ τοὺς ἀπαντῶντας κατασφάττειν ἅπαντας, ἆρα ἂν ἦν τι τούτου θηριωδέστερον; Τί δέ; εἴ τις ἕτερος τοὺς μὲν ὑπ' ἐκείνου καθοπλισθέντας ἔδησε καὶ καθεῖρξε μετὰ σφοδρότητος πάσης, τοὺς δὲ ἀποσφάττεσθαι μέλλοντας τῶν ἀνόμων ἐκείνων ἐξήρπασε χειρῶν· ἆρα ἂν ἦν τι τούτου φιλανθρωπότερον; Ταῦτα τοίνυν καὶ ἐπὶ τὸν νόμον μετάθες τὰ ὑποδείγματα. Ὁ μὲν γὰρ κελεύων ὀφθαλμὸν ἀντὶ ὀφθαλμοῦ ἐξορύττειν, ὥσπερ τινὰ δεσμὸν ἰσχυρὸν τὸν φόβον ταῖς τῶν πονηρῶν ἐνέβαλε ψυχαῖς, κἀκείνῳ προσέοικε τῷ τοὺς ξιφήρεις ἐκείνους καθειργνύντι· ὁ δὲ μηδεμίαν τιμωρίαν αὐτοῖς τιθεὶς, μονονουχὶ ὁπλίζει τῇ ἀδείᾳ, κἀκεῖνον μιμεῖται τὸν ἐγχειρίσαντα αὐτοῖς τὰ ξίφη, καὶ κατὰ τῆς πόλεως ἀφέντα πάσης. ζʹ. Ὁρᾷς πῶς οὐ μόνον ὠμότητος, ἀλλὰ καὶ πολλῆς φιλανθρωπίας ἐστὶ τὰ ἐπιτάγματα; Εἰ δὲ βαρὺν διὰ ταῦτα καλεῖς τὸν νομοθέτην καὶ φορτικὸν, ποῖον ἐπιπονώτερον, εἰπέ μοι, καὶ βαρύτερον; τὸ μὴ φονεύειν, ἢ τὸ μηδὲ ὀργίζεσθαι; τίς σφοδρότερος, ὁ τοῦ φόνου δίκας ἀπαιτῶν, ἢ ὁ καὶ τῆς ὀργῆς, ὁ τὸν μοιχὸν μετὰ τὴν πρᾶξιν ὑποβάλλων τῇ τιμωρίᾳ, ἢ ὁ καὶ τῆς ἐπιθυμίας αὐτῆς κελεύων δίκας διδόναι, καὶ δίκας ἀθανάτους; Ὁρᾶτε ὅτι εἰς τοὐναντίον αὐτοῖς ὁ λόγος περιετράπη; καὶ ὁ μὲν τῆς Παλαιᾶς Θεὸς, ὅν φασιν ὠμὸν εἶναι, εὑρεθήσεται ἥμερος καὶ πρᾶος· ὁ δὲ τῆς Καινῆς, ὃν ἀγαθὸν ὁμολογοῦσι, φορτικὸς καὶ βαρὺς κατὰ τὴν ἐκείνων ἄνοιαν. Ἡμεῖς γὰρ ἕνα καὶ τὸν αὐτόν φαμεν ἑκατέρων τῶν ∆ιαθηκῶν νομοθέτην, πρὸς τὸ δέον πάντα οἰκονομήσαντα, καὶ τῇ τῶν καιρῶν διαφορᾷ τὴν διαφορὰν ἑκατέρας τῆς νομοθεσίας ἁρμόσαντα. Οὐκοῦν οὔτε ἐκεῖνα ὠμὰ τὰ ἐπιτάγματα, οὔτε ταῦτα ἐπαχθῆ καὶ φορτικὰ, ἀλλὰ μιᾶς καὶ τῆς αὐτῆς κηδεμονίας