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all things. For that he himself also gave the Old Testament, hear what the Prophet says; or rather what (must I say) that one and this one; I will make a covenant with you, not according to the covenant that I made with your fathers. But if the one who is sick with the Manichaean disease does not accept these things, let him hear Paul saying this same thing again; For Abraham had two sons, one by the bondwoman, and one by the free woman. These are two covenants. Therefore, just as there the women are different, but the husband is one; so also here the covenants are two, but the lawgiver is one. And so that you may learn that it was of one and the same gentleness, there he says, An eye for an eye; but here, If anyone strikes you on the right cheek, turn to him the other also. For just as there he chastens the wrongdoer by the fear of suffering, so also here. And how, 57.248 he says, does he who commands him to offer the other also? And what of that? For he did not command this to release him from fear, but commanding him to offer it that he might be filled with everything; nor did he say that that man remains unpunished, but, You do not punish; at once both terrifying the striker more if he persists, and comforting the one struck. But these things, as one might say, have been said by us in passing concerning all the commandments. But it is necessary to come to the subject at hand, and to keep to the sequence of what was said before. He who is angry with his brother without a cause shall be in danger of the judgment, he says. For he did not entirely do away with the thing; first, because it is not possible for one who is a man to be free from passions; but it is possible to control them, but to be completely without them is impossible; then, because this passion is also useful, if we know how to use it at the proper time. Consider, for instance, what great good things Paul’s anger, which was then directed against the Corinthians, accomplished. For it delivered them also from great ruin; and by this he again recovered the nation of the Galatians which had fallen away, and others more numerous than these. What then is the proper time for anger? When we do not defend ourselves, but endure others who are unruly, and turn back those who are indolent. And what is not the proper time? When we do this while avenging ourselves. This is what Paul also forbade, saying, Do not avenge yourselves, beloved, but give place to wrath. When we fight over money. For he also did away with this, saying, Why do you not rather suffer wrong? Why do you not rather let yourselves be defrauded? For just as the latter is superfluous, so the former is necessary and profitable. But the majority do the opposite, becoming savage when they are wronged, but becoming faint and soft when they see another being insulted; both of which are contrary to the evangelical laws. Therefore, it is not being angry that is unlawful, but doing it unseasonably. For this reason the Prophet also said, Be angry, and do not sin. -But whoever says to his brother, Raca, shall be in danger of the council. By council he here means the court of the Hebrews; and he has put it now, so that he may not seem to be strange and innovative everywhere. This word Raca is not a word of great insult, but rather of contempt and some disregard from the one who says it. For just as we, when giving orders to servants or some of those who are inferior, say, You go, you tell so-and-so; so also those who use the Syriac language say Raca, putting this in place of, You. But the philanthropic God pulls up even the smallest things, commanding us to treat one another properly, and with due honor, and so that through these things the greater may also be done away with. But whoever says, You fool, shall be in danger of the hell of fire. To many this commandment seemed to be heavy and burdensome, if indeed we are to pay such a great penalty for a mere word; and some say that it was said rather hyperbolically. But I fear lest, having deceived ourselves here with words, we should there suffer the ultimate punishment in our deeds. 8. For why, tell me, does the commandment seem to be burdensome? Do you not know that most punishments and sins have their beginning from words; 57.249 For indeed blasphemies are through words, and denials are through words, and railings, and insults, and perjuries, and

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ἅπαντα. Ὅτι γὰρ καὶ τὴν Παλαιὰν αὐτὸς ἔδωκεν, ἄκουσον τί φησιν ὁ Προφήτης· μᾶλλον δὲ τί (χρὴ λέγειν) ἐκεῖνος καὶ οὗτος· ∆ιαθήσομαι ὑμῖν διαθήκην, οὐ κατὰ τὴν διαθήκην ἣν διεθέμην τοῖς πατράσιν ὑμῶν. Εἰ δὲ οὐ δέχεται ταῦτα ὁ τὰ Μανιχαίων νοσῶν, ἀκουέτω τοῦ Παύλου λέγοντος τὸ αὐτὸ τοῦτο πάλιν· Ἀβραὰμ γὰρ δύο υἱοὺς ἔσχεν, ἕνα ἐκ τῆς παιδίσκης, καὶ ἕνα ἐκ τῆς ἐλευθέρας. Αὗται δέ εἰσι δύο διαθῆκαι. Ὥσπερ οὖν ἐκεῖ διάφοροι μὲν αἱ γυναῖκες, εἷς δὲ ὁ ἀνήρ· οὕτω καὶ ἐνταῦθα δύο μὲν αἱ διαθῆκαι, εἷς δὲ ὁ νομοθέτης. Καὶ ἵνα μάθῃς ὅτι μιᾶς καὶ τῆς αὐτῆς ἡμερότητος ἦν, ἐκεῖ μέν φησιν, Ὀφθαλμὸν ἀντὶ ὀφθαλμοῦ· ἐνταῦθα δὲ, Ἐάν τίς σε ῥαπίσῃ εἰς τὴν δεξιὰν σιαγόνα, στρέψον αὐτῷ καὶ τὴν ἄλλην. Ὥσπερ γὰρ ἐκεῖ τῷ φόβῳ τοῦ πάθους σωφρονίζει τὸν ἀδικοῦντα, οὕτω καὶ ἐνταῦθα. Καὶ πῶς, 57.248 φησὶν, ὁ κελεύων αὐτῷ καὶ τὴν ἄλλην παρέχειν; Καὶ τί τοῦτο; Οὐ γὰρ τὸν φόβον ἐκλύων τοῦτο ἐπέταξεν, ἀλλὰ αὐτῷ κελεύων παρέχειν τοῦ παντὸς ἐμφορεῖσθαι· οὐδὲ εἶπεν, ὅτι Ἀτιμώρητος ἐκεῖνος μένει, ἀλλὰ, Σὺ μὴ κολάσῃς· ὁμοῦ καὶ τὸν πλήττοντα μειζόνως φοβῶν ἐπιμένοντα, καὶ τὸν πληττόμενον παραμυθούμενος. Ἀλλὰ ταῦτα μὲν, ὡς ἄν τις εἴποι, ἐν παρόδῳ περὶ πασῶν τῶν ἐντολῶν ἡμῖν εἴρηται. Ἀναγκαῖον δὲ ἐπὶ τὸ προκείμενον ἐλθεῖν, καὶ τῆς ἀκολουθίας ἔχεσθαι τῶν ἔμπροσθεν εἰρημένων. Ὁ ὀργιζόμενος τῷ ἀδελφῷ αὐτοῦ εἰκῆ, ἔνοχος ἔσται τῇ κρίσει, φησίν. Οὐ γὰρ πάντη τὸ πρᾶγμα ἀνεῖλε· πρῶτον μὲν, ὅτι οὐκ ἔστιν ἄνθρωπον ὄντα παθῶν ἀπηλλάχθαι· ἀλλὰ κρατεῖν μὲν δυνατὸν, ἐκτὸς δὲ αὐτῶν παντελῶς εἶναι ἀμήχανον· ἔπειτα, ὅτι καὶ χρήσιμον τουτὶ τὸ πάθος, ἂν μετὰ τοῦ προσήκοντος εἰδῶμεν αὐτῷ κεχρῆσθαι καιροῦ. Σκόπει γοῦν ἡλίκα εἰργάσατο ἀγαθὰ ἡ τοῦ Παύλου ὀργὴ, ἡ κατὰ Κορινθίων τότε γενομένη. Καὶ γὰρ καὶ ἐκείνους αὕτη μεγάλης λύμης ἀπήλλαξε· καὶ τὸ Γαλατῶν δὲ ἔθνος ταύτῃ πάλιν ἐκπεπτωκὸς ἀνεκτήσατο, καὶ ἑτέρους δὲ πλείους τούτων. Τίς οὖν ὁ προσήκων τῆς ὀργῆς καιρός; Ὅταν μὴ ἑαυτοῖς ἀμύνωμεν, ἀλλ' ἑτέρους σκιρτῶντας ἀνέχωμεν, καὶ ῥᾳθυμοῦντας ἐπιστρέφωμεν. Τίς δὲ ὁ μὴ προσήκων; Ὅταν ἑαυτοὺς ἐκδικοῦντες τοῦτο ποιῶμεν. Ὅπερ οὖν καὶ ὁ Παῦλος κωλύων ἔλεγε Μὴ ἑαυτοὺς ἐκδικοῦντες, ἀγαπητοὶ, ἀλλὰ δότε τόπον τῇ ὀργῇ. Ὅταν περὶ χρημάτων μαχώμεθα. Καὶ γὰρ καὶ τοῦτο ἀνεῖλεν εἰπών· ∆ιατί οὐ μᾶλλον ἀδικεῖσθε; διατί οὐ μᾶλλον ἀποστερεῖσθε; Ὥσπερ γὰρ αὕτη περιττὴ, οὕτως ἐκείνῃ ἀναγκαία καὶ λυσιτελής. Ἀλλ' οἱ πολλοὶ τοὐναντίον ποιοῦσιν, ἐκθηριούμενοι μὲν, ἡνίκα ἂν ἀδικῶνται, ἐκλυόμενοι δὲ καὶ μαλακιζόμενοι, ἡνίκα ἂν ἕτερον ἐπηρεαζόμενον βλέπωσιν· ἅπερ ἀμφότερα ἀπεναντίας ἐστὶ τοῖς νόμοις τοῖς εὐαγγελικοῖς. Οὐ τοίνυν τὸ ὀργίζεσθαι παράνομον, ἀλλὰ τὸ ἀκαίρως τοῦτο ποιεῖν. ∆ιὰ τοῦτο καὶ ὁ Προφήτης ἔλεγεν· Ὀργίζεσθε, καὶ μὴ ἁμαρτάνετε. -Ὃς δ' ἂν εἴπῃ τῷ ἀδελφῷ αὐτοῦ, Ῥακὰ, ἔνοχος ἔσται τῷ συνεδρίῳ. Συνέδριον ἐνταῦθα τὸ δικαστήριον τῶν Ἑβραίων φησί· τέθεικε δὲ αὐτὸ νῦν, ἵνα μὴ πανταχοῦ δόξῃ ξενίζειν καὶ καινοτομεῖν. Τὸ δὲ Ῥακὰ τοῦτο οὐ μεγάλης ἐστὶν ὕβρεως ῥῆμα, ἀλλὰ μᾶλλον καταφρονήσεως καὶ ὀλιγωρίας τινὸς τοῦ λέγοντος. Καθάπερ γὰρ ἡμεῖς ἢ οἰκέταις, ἤ τισι τῶν καταδεεστέρων ἐπιτάττοντες λέγομεν· Ἄπελθε σὺ, εἰπὲ τῷ δεῖνι σύ· οὕτω καὶ οἱ τῇ Σύρων κεχρημένοι γλώττῃ Ῥακὰ λέγουσιν, ἀντὶ τοῦ, Σὺ, τοῦτο τιθέντες. Ἀλλ' ὁ φιλάνθρωπος Θεὸς καὶ τὰ μικρότατα ἀνασπᾷ, καθηκόντως ἡμᾶς κεχρῆσθαι ἀλλήλοις κελεύων, καὶ μετὰ τῆς προσηκούσης τιμῆς, καὶ ἵνα διὰ τούτων καὶ τὰ μείζονα ἀναιρῆται. Ὃς δ' ἂν εἴπῃ, Μωρὲ, ἔνοχος ἔσται εἰς τὴν γέενναν τοῦ πυρός. Πολλοῖς τοῦτο βαρὺ καὶ φορτικὸν ἔδοξεν εἶναι τὸ ἐπίταγμα, εἴγε ῥήματος ψιλοῦ τοσαύτην μέλλομεν διδόναι δίκην· καί τινες αὐτὸ καὶ ὑπερβολικῶς μᾶλλον εἰρῆσθαί φασιν. Ἀλλὰ δέδοικα μὴ λόγοις ἑαυτοὺς ἐνταῦθα ἀπατήσαντες, τοῖς ἔργοις ἐκεῖ τὴν ἐσχάτην ὑπομείνωμεν τιμωρίαν. ηʹ. ∆ιατί γὰρ, εἰπέ μοι, φορτικὸν εἶναι δοκεῖ τὸ ἐπίταγμα; Οὐκ οἶσθα, ὅτι αἱ πλείους τῶν τιμωριῶν καὶ τῶν ἁμαρτημάτων ἀπὸ ῥημάτων ἔχουσι τὴν ἀρχήν· 57.249 Καὶ γὰρ βλασφημίαι διὰ ῥημάτων, καὶ ἀρνήσεις διὰ ῥημάτων, καὶ λοιδορίαι, καὶ ὕβρεις, καὶ ἐπιορκίαι, καὶ