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In the Old [Testament], He makes a long discourse concerning this commandment, and is a strong avenger and punisher of those who despise the matter. For nothing so introduces and roots all wickedness as the destruction of love. For this reason He also said: 'When lawlessness shall abound, the love of many shall grow cold.' Thus Cain became a fratricide, thus Esau, thus the brothers of Joseph; thus innumerable evils have burst in, when this [love] is torn asunder. For this very reason, He also removes from every side with much exactness the things that mar it. 9. And He does not stop only at what has been said, but He also adds other, greater things than what has been said, by which He shows how much account He makes of it. For having threatened through the council and the judgment and Gehenna, He again added other things in harmony with the former, saying thus: 'If you bring your gift to the altar, and there remember that your brother has something against you, leave your gift there before the altar, and go your way; first be reconciled to your brother, and then come and offer your gift.' O the goodness! O the surpassing love for mankind! He slights the honor due to Himself for the sake of love toward one's neighbor; showing that not even the former things which He threatened, did He threaten from any aversion, nor from a desire of punishment, but from much tender affection. For what could be more gentle than these words? Let my worship, He says, be interrupted, so that your love may abide; since this too is a sacrifice, reconciliation with your brother. For for this reason He did not say, After offering, or Before you offer; but while the gift itself is lying there, and the sacrifice has begun, He sends him to be reconciled to his brother; and not having gathered up the offerings, nor before presenting them, but He commands him to run there while it is lying in the midst. For what reason does He command to do this so, and why? These two things, as it seems to me, He is intimating and establishing through these words; one, as I said, wishing to show that He holds love in high honor, and considers this the greatest sacrifice, and without this He does not even accept that one; and another, imposing an unavoidable necessity for reconciliation. For he who is commanded not to offer until he is reconciled, even if not for the sake of love toward his 57.251 neighbor, will at least, for the sake of the offering not being left incomplete, hasten to run to the one who has been grieved, and to put an end to the enmity. For this reason also He has said everything most emphatically, making him afraid and rousing him. For having said, 'Leave your gift,' He did not stop there, but added, 'before the altar' (and by the place again casting him into dread), 'and go.' And He did not simply say, 'Go,' but added, 'First, and then come and offer your gift;' by all these things making it clear that this table does not receive those who are hostile toward one another. Let the initiated hear, as many as approach with enmity; let the uninitiated hear also; for the discourse has something in common with them too. For they also bring a gift and sacrifice, I mean prayer and almsgiving. For that this too is a sacrifice, hear what the Prophet says: 'A sacrifice of praise will glorify Me;' and again, 'Offer to God a sacrifice of praise;' and, 'The lifting up of my hands as an evening sacrifice.' So that if you offer even a prayer with such a disposition, it is better to leave the prayer, and go to the reconciliation of your brother, and then to offer the prayer. For for this reason all things came to be; for this reason also God became man, and accomplished all those things, that He might gather us together. Here then He sends the one who has done wrong to the one who has been wronged; but in the prayer He brings the one who has been wronged to the one who has done wrong, and reconciles him. For there He says: 'Forgive men their debts;' but here: 'If he has something against you, go to him.' Or rather, here too it seems to me He sends the one who has been wronged; wherefore He did not say, 'Reconcile yourself to your brother,' but 'Be reconciled;' and what is said seems to be for the sake of the one who has caused grief, but the whole is for the sake of the one who has been grieved. For if to him

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Παλαιᾷ, πολὺν ὑπὲρ τῆς ἐντολῆς ταύτης ποιεῖται τὸν λόγον, καὶ σφοδρός ἐστιν ἔκδικος καὶ τιμωρὸς τῶν τοῦ πράγματος καταφρονούντων. Καὶ γὰρ οὐδὲν οὕτω τὴν πονηρίαν εἰσάγει πᾶσαν καὶ ῥιζοῖ, ὡς ἡ τῆς ἀγάπης ἀναίρεσις. ∆ιὰ τοῦτο καὶ ἔλεγεν· Ὅταν πληθυνθῇ ἡ ἀνομία, ψυγήσεται ἡ ἀγάπη τῶν πολλῶν. Οὕτως ὁ Κάϊν ἀδελφοκτόνος ἐγένετο, οὕτως ὁ Ἡσαῦ, οὕτως οἱ τοῦ Ἰωσὴφ ἀδελφοί· οὕτω τὰ μυρία εἰσεκώμασε κακὰ, ταύτης διασπωμένης. ∆ιὰ δὴ τοῦτο καὶ αὐτὸς τὰ λυμαινόμενα ταύτην μετὰ πολλῆς πάντοθεν ἀναιρεῖ τῆς ἀκριβείας. θʹ. Καὶ οὐδὲ μέχρι τῶν εἰρημένων ἵσταται μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἕτερα τῶν εἰρημένων ἐπάγει πλείονα, δι' ὧν δείκνυσιν ὅσον αὐτῆς ποιεῖται λόγον. Ἀπειλήσας γὰρ διὰ τοῦ συνεδρίου καὶ τῆς κρίσεως καὶ τῆς γεέννης, ἐπήγαγε πάλιν ἕτερα συνῳδὰ τοῖς προτέροις, οὕτω λέγων· Ἐὰν προσφέρῃς τὸ δῶρόν σου ἐπὶ τὸ θυσιαστήριον, κἀκεῖ μνησθῇς ὅτι ὁ ἀδελφός σου ἔχει τι κατὰ σοῦ, ἄφες τὸ δῶρόν σου ἔμπροσθεν τοῦ θυσιαστηρίου, καὶ ἀπελθὼν πρῶτον διαλλάγηθι τῷ ἀδελφῷ σου, καὶ τότε ἐλθὼν πρόσφερε τὸ δῶρόν σου. Ὢ τῆς ἀγαθότητος! ὢ τῆς φιλανθρωπίας τῆς ὑπερβαλλούσης! Τῆς εἰς αὐτὸν καταφρονεῖ τιμῆς ὑπὲρ τῆς εἰς τὸν πλησίον ἀγάπης· δεικνὺς ὅτι οὐδὲ τὰ πρότερα, ἅπερ ἠπείλησεν, ἐξ ἀπεχθείας τινὸς, οὐδὲ ἐπιθυμίᾳ κολάσεως ἠπείλησεν, ἀλλ' ἐκ φιλοστοργίας πολλῆς. Τί γὰρ ἂν γένοιτο τούτων ἡμερώτερον τῶν ῥημάτων; Ἐγκοπτέσθω, φησὶν, ἡ ἐμὴ λατρεία, ἵνα ἡ σὴ ἀγάπη μένῃ· ἐπεὶ καὶ τοῦτο θυσία, ἡ πρὸς τὸν ἀδελφὸν καταλλαγή. ∆ιὰ γὰρ τοῦτο οὐκ εἶπε, Μετὰ τὸ προσενεγκεῖν, ἢ Πρὶν ἢ προσενεγκεῖν· ἀλλ' αὐτοῦ τοῦ δώρου κειμένου, καὶ τῆς θυσίας ἀρχὴν ἐχούσης, πέμπει διαλλαγησόμενον τῷ ἀδελφῷ· καὶ οὔτε συνελόντα τὰ προκείμενα, οὔτε πρὶν ἢ προθεῖναι, ἀλλ' ἐν τῷ μέσῳ κειμένης κελεύει τρέχειν ἐκεῖσε. Τίνος ἕνεκεν οὕτω κελεύει τοῦτο ποιεῖν, καὶ διατί; ∆ύο ταῦτα, ὡς ἐμοὶ δοκεῖ, διὰ τούτων αἰνιττόμενος καὶ κατασκευάζων· ἓν μὲν, ὅπερ ἔφην, δεῖξαι θέλων, ὅτι πολλοῦ τιμᾶται τὴν ἀγάπην, καὶ ταύτην μεγίστην ἡγεῖται εἶναι τὴν θυσίαν, καὶ ταύτης ἄνευ οὐδὲ ἐκείνην προσδέχεται· ἕτερον δὲ, ἀνάγκην ἐπιτιθεὶς ἀπαραίτητον τῆς καταλλαγῆς. Ὁ γὰρ κελευσθεὶς μὴ πρότερον προσενεγκεῖν, ἕως ἂν καταλλαγῇ, κἂν μὴ διὰ τὴν πρὸς τὸν πλη 57.251 σίον ἀγάπην, διὰ γοῦν τὸ μὴ κεῖσθαι ἀτέλεστον, ἐπειχθήσεται δραμεῖν πρὸς τὸν λελυπημένον, καὶ καταλῦσαι τὴν ἔχθραν. ∆ιὰ τοῦτο καὶ ἐμφαντικώτατα ἅπαντα εἴρηκε, φοβῶν αὐτὸν καὶ διεγείρων. Εἰπὼν γὰρ, Ἄφες τὸ δῶρόν σου, οὐκ ἔστη μέχρι τούτου, ἀλλ' ἐπήγαγεν, Ἔμπροσθεν τοῦ θυσιαστηρίου (καὶ ἀπὸ τοῦ τόπου πάλιν εἰς φρίκην αὐτὸν ἐμβάλλων), καὶ ἄπελθε. Καὶ οὐχ ἁπλῶς εἶπεν, Ἄπελθε, ἀλλὰ προσέθηκε, Πρῶτον, καὶ τότε ἐλθὼν πρόσφερε τὸ δῶρόν σου· διὰ πάντων τούτων δηλῶν, ὅτι οὐ δέχεται τοὺς ἀπεχθῶς πρὸς ἀλλήλους ἔχοντας αὕτη ἡ τράπεζα. Ἀκουέτωσαν οἱ μεμυημένοι, ὅσοι μετὰ ἔχθρας προσέρχονται· ἀκουέτωσαν καὶ οἱ ἀμύητοι· καὶ γὰρ καὶ πρὸς τούτους ἔχει τι κοινὸν ὁ λόγος. Προσάγουσι γὰρ καὶ αὐτοὶ δῶρον καὶ θυσίαν, εὐχὴν λέγω καὶ ἐλεημοσύνην. Ὅτι γὰρ καὶ τοῦτο θυσία, ἄκουσον τί φησιν ὁ Προφήτης· Θυσία αἰνέσεως δοξάσει με· καὶ πάλιν, Θῦσον τῷ Θεῷ θυσίαν αἰνέσεως· καὶ, Ἔπαρσις τῶν χειρῶν μου θυσία ἑσπερινή. Ὥστε κἂν εὐχὴν μετὰ τοιαύτης γνώμης προσάγῃς, βέλτιον ἀφεῖναι τὴν εὐχὴν, καὶ ἐπὶ τὴν καταλλαγὴν ἐλθεῖν τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ, καὶ τότε τὴν εὐχὴν προσφέρειν. ∆ιὰ γὰρ τοῦτο πάντα ἐγένετο· διὰ τοῦτο καὶ ὁ Θεὸς ἄνθρωπος γέγονε, καὶ πάντα ἐκεῖνα ἐπραγματεύσατο, ἵνα ἡμᾶς συναγάγῃ. Ἐνταῦθα μὲν οὖν τὸν ἠδικηκότα πέμπει πρὸς τὸν ἠδικημένον· ἐν δὲ τῇ εὐχῇ τὸν ἠδικημένον ἄγει πρὸς τὸν ἠδικηκότα, καὶ καταλλάσσει. Ἐκεῖ μὲν γάρ φησιν· Ἄφετε τοῖς ἀνθρώποις τὰ ὀφειλήματα αὐτῶν· ἐνταῦθα δέ· Ἐὰν ἔχῃ τι κατὰ σοῦ, ἄπελθε πρὸς αὐτόν. Μᾶλλον δὲ κἀνταῦθα μοι δοκεῖ τὸν ἠδικημένον ἀποστέλλειν· διόπερ οὐδὲ εἶπεν, Κατάλλαξον σεαυτὸν τῷ ἀδελφῷ σου, ἀλλὰ, Καταλλάγηθι· καὶ δοκεῖ μὲν ὑπὲρ τοῦ λελυπηκότος εἶναι τὸ λεγόμενον, τὸ δὲ πᾶν ὑπὲρ τοῦ λελυπημένου ἐστίν. Ἂν γὰρ ἐκείνῳ