Chap. VI.—After the Banishment of Justice, Lust, Unjust Laws, Daring, Avarice, Ambition, Pride, Impiety, and Other Vices Reigned.

And the source of all these evils was lust; which, indeed, burst forth from the contempt of true majesty. For not only did they who had a superfluity fail to bestow a share upon others, but they even seized the property of others, drawing everything to their private gain; and the things which formerly even individuals laboured to obtain for the common use of men,951    Hominum. Another reading is “omnium,” of all, as opposed to the few.   were now conveyed to the houses of a few. For, that they might subdue others by slavery, they began especially to withdraw and collect together the necessaries of life, and to keep them firmly shut up, that they might make the bounties of heaven their own; not on account of kindness,952    Propter humanitatem.   a feeling which had no existence in them, but that they might sweep together all the instruments of lust and avarice. They also, under the name of justice, passed most unequal and unjust laws, by which they might defend their plunder and avarice against the force of the multitude. They prevailed, therefore, as much by authority as by strength, or resources, or malice. And since there was in them no trace of justice, the offices of which are humanity, equity, pity, they now began to rejoice in a proud and swollen inequality, and made953    Altiores se…faciebant. Another reading is, “altiores cæteris…fulgebant.”   themselves higher than other men, by a retinue of attendants, and by the sword, and by the brilliancy of their garments. For this reason they invented for themselves honours, and purple robes, and fasces, that, being supported by the terror produced by axes and swords, they might, as it were by the right of masters, rule them, stricken with fear, and alarmed. Such was the condition in which the life of man was placed by that king who, having defeated and put to flight a parent, did not seize his kingdom, but set up an impious tyranny by violence and armed men, and took away that golden age of justice, and compelled men to become wicked and impious, even from this very circumstance, that he turned them away from God to the worship of himself; and the terror of his excessive power had extorted this.  

For who would not fear him who was girded about with arms, whom the unwonted gleam of steel and swords surrounded? Or what stranger would he spare who had not even spared his own father? Whom, in truth, should he fear, who had conquered in war, and destroyed by massacre the race of the Titans, which was strong and excelling in might? What wonder if the whole multitude, pressed by unusual fear, had given themselves up to the adulation of a single man? Him they venerated, to him they paid the greatest honour. And since it is judged to be a kind of obsequiousness to imitate the customs and vices of a king, all men laid aside piety, lest, if they should live piously, they might seem to upbraid the wickedness of the king. Thus, being corrupted by continual imitation, they abandoned divine right, and the practice of living wickedly by degrees became a habit. And now nothing remained of the pious and excellent condition of the preceding age; but justice being banished, and drawing with her the truth, left to men error, ignorance, and blindness. The poets therefore were ignorant, who sung that she fled to heaven, to the kingdom of Jupiter. For if justice was on the earth in the age which they call “golden,” it is plain that she was driven away by Jupiter, who changed the golden age. But the change of the age and the expulsion of justice is to be deemed nothing else, as I have said, than the laying aside of divine religion, which alone effects that man should esteem man dear, and should know that he is bound to him by the tie of brotherhood, since God is alike a Father to all, so as to share the bounties of the common God and Father with those who do not possess them; to injure no one, to oppress no one, not to close his door against a stranger, nor his ear against a suppliant, but to be bountiful, beneficent, and liberal, which Tullius954    [Compare Cicero, De Officiis, i. 14, with Luke xxii. 25.]   thought to be praises suitable to a king. This truly is justice, and this is the golden age, which was first corrupted when Jupiter reigned, and shortly afterwards, when he himself and all his offspring were consecrated as gods, and the worship of many deities undertaken, had been altogether taken away.  

CAPUT VI. Explosa justitia, cupiditas, iniquae leges, audacia, avaritia, ambitio, superbia, impietas, aliaque regnarunt vitia.

Quorum omnium malorum fons cupiditas erat: quae scilicet ex contemptu verae majestatis erupit. 0567B Non tantum enim, non participabant alios ii quibus aliquid affluebat: sed aliena quoque rapiebant, in privatum lucrum trahentes omnia, et quae antea in usus hominum etiam singuli laborabant, in paucorum domos conferebantur. Ut enim servitio caeteros subjugarent, in primis necessaria vitae subducere et colligere coeperunt, eaque firmiter conclusa servare, ut beneficia coelestia facerent sua; non propter humanitatem, quae nulla in ipsis erat, sed ut omnia cupiditatis et avaritiae instrumenta corraderent. Leges etiam sibi nomine justitiae iniquissimas injustissimasque sanxerunt 0567C quibus rapinas et avaritiam suam contra vim 0568A multitudinis tuerentur. Tantum igitur auctoritate, quantum viribus, aut opibus, aut malitia praevalebant. Et quoniam nullum in his vestigium justitiae fuit, cujus officia sunt humanitas, aequitas, misericordia, jam superba et tumida inaequalitate gaudebant; altioresque se caeteris hominibus, satellitum comitatu, et ferro, et insigni veste faciebant. Hinc honores sibi, et purpuras, et fasces invenerunt, ut securium gladiorumque terrore subnixi, quasi jure dominorum perculsis ac paventibus imperarent. In hac conditione humanam vitam rex ille constituit, qui, debellato ac fugato parente, non regnum, sed impiam tyrannidem vi et hominibus armatis occupavit; et aureum illud justumque saeculum sustulit, coegitque homines malos et impios fieri, vel ex hoc 0568B ipso, quod ipsos avertit a Deo ad se adorandum: quod terror insolentissimae potestatis expresserat.

Quis enim non metueret eum, quem arma cingebant, quem ferri et gladiorum fulgor insuetus circumdabat? aut cui parceret alieno, qui ne patri quidem suo pepercerat? Quem vero metueret, qui Titanum robustum et excellentem viribus gentem bello vicerat, occidione deleverat? Quid mirum, si omnis multitudo, insolito metu pressa, in unius adulationem concesserat? Hunc verebantur, huic honorem maximum deferebant. Et quoniam mores ac vitia 0568C regis imitari, genus obsequii judicatur, abjecerunt 0569A omnes pietatem, ne exprobrare regi scelus viderentur, si pie viverent. Sic assidua imitatione corrupti, divinum fas reliquerunt; et paulatim male vivendi consuetudo mos factus est. 0569A Nec jam quidquam ex antecedentis saeculi pio atque optimo statu mansit: sed explosa justitia, et veritatem secum trahens, reliquit hominibus errorem, ignorantiam, caecitatem. Imprudentes igitur poetae, qui eam confugisse cecinerunt ad Jovis regnum. Si enim saeculo, quod vocant aureum, justitia in terra fuit, a Jove utique pulsa est, qui aureum saeculum commutavit. Saeculi autem commutatio, et expulsio justitiae, nihil aliud, ut dixi, quam desertio divinae religionis putanda est; quae sola efficit ut homo hominem carum habeat, eumque sibi fraternitatis vinculo sciat esse constrictum: 0569B siquidem pater idem omnibus Deus est, ut Dei, patrisque communis beneficia cum iis qui non habent, partiatur, nulli noceat, nullum premat, non fores claudat hospiti, non aurem precanti; sed sit largus, beneficus, liberalis, quas regias esse laudes Tullius existimavit. Haec est profecto justitia, et hoc aureum saeculum, quod Jove primum regnante corruptum, mox et ipso, et omni ejus progenie consecrata, deorumque multorum suscepto cultu, fuerat omne sublatum.