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Stephen saw while being stoned and Anthony while struggling in tranquility, or rather all the saints, that is to say, those who have been purified in heart, as it is possible for one who wishes to learn from their recorded words and from their lives (and I would say that even the prophets and patriarchs were not without a taste of this light, or rather that, with few exceptions, all of their visions, and especially the most divine, were not without this light; for what other light could he counterfeit, who has the eternal light as his own, which is visible to the pure in heart, even if ineffably, yet still visible, both now and in the age to come, as the great Dionysius also says?) -, since such, therefore, is the vision of God, how is it that He who calls blessed the pure in heart does not promise this eternal vision, but rather the knowledge that comes from created things, which might even belong to the wise of this age?

But that the philosopher considers the knowledge from created things the most perfect vision of God, he has taught us this beforehand, saying that he left no one any excess beyond this, who has known all the manifest parts of the world and the (p. 542) invisible powers. But “from the energy to reckon the one energizing, and from the harmony of the world the understanding of the super-eminent wisdom, might belong even to the wise of this age,” says the divine Gregory of Nyssa; but I would say even to the unwise and to the unfaithful, as we now see even all the barbarians knowing one God as creator of the universe, to whom apophatic theology also of necessity follows. For the creator of the universe is none of the created things. What then, do not also many of the heterodox possess the wisdom of this age and the understanding of God that comes from it? Does the Lord then call them blessed? What of the Greeks, who in philosophy greatly differ from the Christians of today and philosophize from the knowledge of created things? Did they then also attain the blessed and eternal prize, and not less than all, even than those “knowing nothing except the Lord Jesus Christ and him crucified,” but even more so? For how could it not be even preeminently more so, if God is known only from created things, and those who know more of these things are more god-seeing than others? And yet we have all known the Son from the paternal voice, which teaches us from above; and the Holy Spirit itself and the ineffable light itself has shown us the beloved from the Father who is witnessed; and the Son himself has revealed to us the name of his own Father, and as he was being taken up into heaven he promised to send the Holy Spirit to us, “that it may remain with us forever”; and the Holy Spirit itself, having come and remained in us, has announced to us and taught us all the truth. How then do we know God from created things alone, and not from those things through which we do not know him, but from those things through which we do know him? If someone has no experience of marriage, does he not know the union of God with the Church, since he is unable to perceive the analogy from it, and will you advise all to flee (p. 544) virginity, so that they may find your knowledge of God? But you will be refuted by Paul, who, being unmarried, was the first to exclaim, “this mystery is great,” “but in reference to Christ and to the Church.”

It is now time to utter that divine voice: “we thank you, Father, Lord of heaven and earth, that,” having united yourself to us and having revealed yourself through yourself to us, and having revealed yourself through yourself to us, “you have hidden this from the wise and understanding,” who are understanding in their own estimation and knowledgeable in their own sight; for this reason, when they hear your saints speaking, they reject some, misinterpret the sayings of others, and some they even dare to falsify as if they will escape everyone's notice. For while Gregory of Nyssa was explaining what is for those in heart

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κατεῖδον καί ὁ Στέφανος λιθαζόμενος καί ὁ Ἀντώνιος καθ᾿ ἡσυχίαν ἀγωνιζόμενος, μᾶλλον δέ πάντες οἱ ἅγιοι, ταὐτόν δ᾿ εἰπεῖν οἱ κεκαθαρμένοι τήν καρδίαν, ὡς ἐκ τῶν ἀναγεγραμμένων οἰκείων λόγων καί τῶν κατ᾿ αὐτούς βίων ἔξεστι μανθάνειν τῷ βουλομένῳ (φαίην δ᾿ ἄν ἔγωγε καί προφήτας καί πατριάρχας ἀγεύστους οὐκ εἶναι τοῦ φωτός τούτου, μᾶλλον δέ πλήν ὀλίγων τά πάντα ἐκείνων θεάματα, καί μάλιστα τά θειότατα, μή ἀμοιρεῖν τούτου τοῦ φωτός˙ τί γάρ ἄν καί ὑποκρίνοιτο φῶς ἀλλότριον ὁ φῶς αἰώνιον οἰκεῖον ἔχων, τοῖς καθαροῖς τήν καρδίαν, εἰ καί ἀπορρήτως, ὅμως ὁρατόν, νῦν τε κἀπί τοῦ μέλλοντος αἰῶνος, ὡς καί ὁ ∆ιονύσιος ὁ μέγας λέγει; -, τοιαύτης τοίνυν οὔσης θέας τοῦ Θεοῦ, πῶς οὐ ταύτην ἐπαγγέλλεται τήν αἰώνιον ὁ μακαρίζων τούς καθαρούς τήν καρδίαν, ἀλλά τήν ἀπό τῶν κτισμάτων γνῶσιν, ἥ γένοιτ᾿ ἄν καί τοῖς τοῦ αἰῶνος τούτου σοφοῖς;

Ὅτι δέ τήν ἀπό τῶν κτισμάτων γνῶσιν τελεωτάτην θεοπτίαν ὁ φιλόσοφος ἡγεῖται, προλαβών ἐδίδαξεν ἡμᾶς τοῦτο, εἰπών μηδενί μηδεμίαν ἀπολιπεῖν ταύτης ὑπερβολή, ὅς ἔγνω πάσας τάς ἐμφανεῖς τοῦ κόσμου μερίδας καί τάς (σελ. 542) ἀφανεῖς δυνάμεις. Ἀλλ᾿ «ἐκ τῆς ἐνεργείας τόν ἐνεργοῦντα ἀναλογίσασθαι καί ἐκ τῆς τοῦ κόσμου εὐαρμοστίας τῆς ὑπερκειμένης σοφίας ἡ κατανόησις γένοιτ᾿ ἄν καί τοῖς τοῦ αἰῶνος τούτου σοφοῖς», φησίν ὁ Νύσσης θεῖος Γρηγόριος˙ ἐγώ δ᾿ ἄν φαίην καί τοῖς μή σοφοῖς καί τοῖς μή πιστοῖς, ὡς νῦν ὁρῶμεν καί τούς βαρβάρους πάντας ἕνα Θεόν εἰδότας τοῦ παντός ποιητήν, ᾧ καί ἡ κατά ἀπόφασιν θεολογία ἐξ ἀνάγκης ἕπεται. Ὁ γάρ ποιητής τοῦ παντός τῶν ποιημάτων οὐδέν. Τί δέ, οὐχί καί τῶν κακοδόξων πολλοί τήν σοφίαν τοῦ αἰῶνος ἔχουσι τούτου καί τήν ἀπ᾿ αὐτῆς τοῦ Θεοῦ κατανόησιν; Ἆρ᾿ οὖν αὐτούς μακαρίζει ὁ Κύριος; Τί δ᾿ ἄν τῶν Ἑλλήνων οἱ κατά φιλοσοφίαν πολλῷ τῶν νῦν χριστιανῶν διαφέροντες καί ἀπό τῆς τῶν κτισμάτων γνώσεως φιλοσοφοῦντες; Ἆρα καί τοῦ μακαρίου καί αἰωνίου ἔτυχον ἐπάθλου καί πάντων, καί αὐτῶν «τῶν μηδέν εἰδότων εἰ μή Κύριον Ἰησοῦν Χριστόν καί τοῦτον ἐσταυρωμένον», οὐχ ἧττον ὅτι δή καί μᾶλλον; Πῶς γάρ οὐχί καί διαφερόντως μᾶλλον, εἴγε ἀπό τῶν κτισμάτων μόνον ὁ Θεός γινώσκεται, καί θεοπτικώτεροι τῶν ἄλλων οἱ πλείω τούτων γινώσκοντες; Καίτοι πάντες ἡμεῖς ἀπό τῆς πατρικῆς φωνῆς, ἄνωθεν ἡμᾶς διδασκούσης, τόν Υἱόν ἐγνώκαμεν˙ καί αὐτό τό Πνεῦμα τό ἅγιον καί αὐτό τό φῶς τό ἄρρητον τόν ἐκ τοῦ Πατρός ἀγαπητόν μαρτυρούμενον ὑπέδειξεν ἡμῖν˙ καί αὐτός ὁ Υἱός τό ὄνομα τοῦ οἰκείου Πατρός ἐφανέρωσεν ἡμῖν καί τό Πνεῦμα τό ἅγιον ἀναλαμβανόμενος εἰς οὐρανούς ἐπηγγείλατο πέμψειν πρός ἡμᾶς, «ἵνα μένῃ μαθ᾿ ἡμῶν εἰς τόν αἰῶνα»˙ καί αὐτό τό Πνεῦμα τό ἅγιον, ἐπελθόν καί μεῖναν ἐν ἡμῖν, ἀνήγγειλεν ἡμῖν καί ἐδίδαξε πᾶσαν τήν ἀλήθειαν. Πῶς οὖν ἐκ τῶν κτισμάτων μόνων γινώσκομεν Θεόν, καί οὐκ ἐξ ὧν τοῦτον ἀγνοοῦμεν, ἀλλ᾿ ἐξ ὧν γινώσκομεν; Ἆρ᾿ εἰ καί μή γάμου τις λάβοι πεῖραν, οὐ τήν τοῦ Θεοῦ πρός τήν Ἐκκλησίαν οἶδε συνάφειαν, ἐπεί τήν ἀναλογίαν ἐξ ἐκείνου συνορᾶν οὐκ ἔχει, καί συμβουλεύσεις πάντας φεύγειν (σελ. 544) τήν παρθενίαν, ἵνα τήν σήν θεογνωσίαν εὕρωσιν; Ἀλλ᾿ ὑπό Παύλου ἐξελεγθήσῃ, ὅς, ἄγαμος ὤν, «τό μυστήριον τοῦτο μέγα ἐστί» πρῶτος ἐξεβόησεν, «ἀλλ᾿ εἰς Χριστόν καί εἰς τήν Ἐκκλησίαν».

Καιρός δή εἰπεῖν τήν θεσπεσίαν ἐκείνην φωνήν˙ «εὐχαριστοῦμέν σοι, Πάτερ, Κύριε τοῦ οὐρανοῦ καί τῆς γῆς, ὅτι», ἑνώσας σύ σαυτόν ἡμῖν καί φανερώσας σαυτόν διά σαυτοῦ ἡμῖν, καί φανερώσας σαυτόν διά σαυτοῦ ἡμῖν, «ἀπέκρυψας τοῦτο ἀπό σοφῶν καί συνετῶν», οἵ συνετοί εἰσι καθ᾿ ἑαυτούς καί ἐνώπιον αὑτῶν ἐπιστήμονες˙ διό καί τῶν ἁγίων σου λαλούντων ἀκούοντες, τούς μέν ἀθετοῦσι, τῶν δέ παρεξηγοῦνται τάς ρήσεις, ἔστι δ᾿ ἅς καί τολμῶσι παραχαράττειν ὡς πάντας λήσοντες. Γρηγορίου μέν γάρ τοῦ Νύσσης ἐξηγουμένου τί ἐστιν ἡ τοῖς τήν καρδίαν