John Chrysostom, On John

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to these things? He that comes from above, he said, is above all: he that is of the earth, is of the earth, and speaks of the earth. Since, he says, you are turning my testimony upside down and down, and by this you say that I am more credible, it is necessary for you to know that it is not possible for him who comes from heaven to be made credible by him who dwells on the earth. But what is this, "Above all," and what does it mean to declare? It is this. For he shows by this, that He needs nothing, but is sufficient for Himself, and that He is incomparably greater than all. But he speaks of himself as being of the earth and speaking of the earth, not that he spoke from his own thought, but just as Christ said, "If I have told you earthly things, and you do not believe;" so calling baptism, not because it was earthly, but because he was comparing the spoken thing to His ineffable generation; so here too John said that he himself spoke of the earth, comparing his own teaching to that of Christ. For "to speak of the earth" means nothing else than that my words, when compared with His, are small and humble and of little worth, and such as an earthly nature is likely to receive. For in Him are hidden all the treasures of wisdom. But that he does not speak of human reasonings, is clear from this. "He that is of the earth," he says, "is of the earth." And yet not everything about him was from the earth, but the more important parts were heavenly; for he had a soul, and he partook of a spirit not from the earth. How then does he say he is from the earth? He hints at nothing 59.172 else here than that "I am small and of no account, since I come from the ground and was born on the earth; but Christ has come to us from above." Having first quenched their passion by all these things, he then at last speaks about Christ with greater boldness. For before this it was superfluous to utter words that could never find a place in the minds of the hearers; but since he has pulled up the thorns, he begins at last with confidence to sow the seeds, saying, "He that comes from heaven is above all; and what He has seen and heard, that He testifies, and no one receives His testimony." Having said something great and lofty about Him, he again brings the discourse to a humbler level. For the saying, "What He has heard and seen," is spoken in a more human manner. For He did not know what He knew from having received it by sight, nor from having heard it; but He had everything in His nature, having come forth perfect from the Father's bosom, and not needing a teacher. For as the Father knows Me, he says, so I know the Father. What then is, "What He has heard, He speaks, and what He has seen, He testifies"? Since we learn all things accurately through these senses, and we seem to be credible teachers of things which we have either received by sight or accepted by hearing, as not fabricating things nor speaking falsehoods; John, wishing to establish this here also, said, "What He has heard and seen"; that is, nothing from Him is false, but all things are true. Thus indeed we also often inquire curiously, "Did you hear it? Did you see it?" and if this is shown, the testimony is beyond doubt. And when He Himself says, "As I hear, I judge," and, "What I have heard from my Father, I speak," and, "What we have seen, we speak," and whatever other such things He utters, it is not so that we might learn that He says what He says by being taught (for to think this is the utmost folly); but so that nothing of what is said might be suspected by the shameless Jews. For since they did not yet have the fitting opinion concerning Him, He continually takes refuge in the Father, making what He says credible from that source. B. And why do you wonder if He takes refuge in the Father, 59.173 when He Himself often comes even to the prophets and to the Scriptures? As when He says, "They are they which testify of Me." Shall we then say that He is also less than the prophets, because He draws testimonies from them? By no means. For on account of the weakness of His hearers, He so arranges His discourse, and says that He speaks what He has heard from the Father, not as needing a teacher, but so that they might believe that there is no falsehood in what is said. But what John says is something like this: I need to hear

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τούτοις; Ὁ ἄνωθεν ἐρχόμενος, λέγων, ἐπάνω πάντων ἐστίν· ὁ ἐκ τῆς γῆς ὢν, ἐκ τῆς γῆς ἐστι, καὶ ἐκ τῆς γῆς λαλεῖ. Ἐπειδὴ, φησὶ, τὴν ἐμὴν ἄνω καὶ κάτω περιστρέφετε μαρτυρίαν, καὶ ταύτῃ με ἀξιοπιστότερον εἶναί φατε, ἐκεῖνο ὑμᾶς ἀναγκαῖον εἰδέναι, ὡς οὐκ ἔνι τὸν ἐκ τῶν οὐρανῶν ἐρχόμενον, ἀξιόπιστον ἀπὸ τοῦ τὴν γῆν οἰκοῦντος γενέσθαι. Τὸ δὲ, Ἐπάνω πάντων, τί ποτέ ἐστι, καὶ τί βούλεται δηλοῦν; Τοῦτό ἐστι. ∆είκνυσι γὰρ διὰ τούτου, ὅτι οὐδενὸς δεῖται, ἀλλ' ἀρκῶν ἐστιν αὐτὸς ἑαυτῷ, καὶ ὅτι πάντων μείζων ἀσυγκρίτως. Ἐκ τῆς γῆς δὲ ὄντα καὶ λαλοῦντα ἑαυτὸν λέγει, οὐχ ὅτι ἐξ οἰκείας διανοίας ἐφθέγγετο, ἀλλ' ὥσπερ ὁ Χριστὸς εἶπεν· Εἰ τὰ ἐπίγεια εἶπον ὑμῖν, καὶ οὐ πιστεύετε· τὸ βάπτισμα οὕτω καλῶν, οὐκ ἐπειδὴ ἐπίγειον ἦν, ἀλλ' ἐπειδὴ πρὸς τὴν ἀπόῤῥητον αὐτοῦ γέννησιν παρέβαλλε τὸ εἰρημένον· οὕτω καὶ ἐνταῦθα ἐκ τῆς γῆς λαλεῖν ἑαυτὸν ὁ Ἰωάννης εἶπε, πρὸς τὴν τοῦ Χριστοῦ διδασκαλίαν τὰ αὑτοῦ παραβάλλων. Οὐδὲν γὰρ ἄλλο δηλοῖ τὸ Ἐκ τῆς γῆς λαλεῖν, ἢ ὅτι μικρὰ καὶ ταπεινὰ καὶ εὐτελῆ τοῖς ἐκείνου παραβαλλόμενα τὰ ἐμὰ, καὶ τοιαῦτα, οἷα εἰκὸς γηΐνην δέξασθαι φύσιν. Παρὰ γὰρ ἐκείνῳ Πάντες οἱ θησαυροὶ τῆς σοφίας ἀπόκρυφοι. Ὅτι δὲ οὐ περὶ λογισμῶν ἀνθρωπίνων λέγει, δῆλον ἐκεῖθεν. Ὁ ἐκ τῆς γῆς ὢν, φησὶν, ἐκ τῆς γῆς ἐστι. Καίτοι γε οὐκ ἐκ τῆς γῆς ἦν αὐτῷ τὸ πᾶν, ἀλλὰ τὰ κυριώτερα οὐράνια· καὶ γὰρ ψυχὴν εἶχε, καὶ πνεύματος μετεῖχεν οὐκ ἐκ τῆς γῆς. Πῶς οὖν ἀπὸ τῆς γῆς αὐτὸς εἶναι λέγει; Οὐδὲν 59.172 ἄλλο ἐντεῦθεν αἰνίττεται, ἢ ὅτι Μικρὸς ἐγὼ καὶ οὐδενὸς ἄξιος λόγου, ἅτε χαμαὶ ἐρχόμενος καὶ ἐν τῇ γῇ τεχθείς· ὁ δὲ Χριστὸς ἄνωθεν ἡμῖν ἀφῖκται. ∆ιὰ δὴ τούτων πάντων σβέσας τὸ πάθος πρῶτον, τότε λοιπὸν μετὰ πλείονος τῆς παῤῥησίας φθέγγεται περὶ τοῦ Χριστοῦ. Πρὸ μὲν γὰρ τούτου περιττὸν ἦν ῥήματα προΐεσθαι, μηδέποτε χώραν ἐν τῇ διανοίᾳ τῶν ἀκροωμένων ἔχειν δυνάμενα· ἐπειδὴ δὲ τὰς ἀκάνθας ἀνέσπασεν, ἄρχεται μετὰ ἀδείας λοιπὸν καταβάλλειν τὰ σπέρματα, λέγων· Ὁ ἐκ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ ἐρχόμενος, ἐπάνω πάντων ἐστί· καὶ ὃ ἑώρακε καὶ ἤκουσε, τοῦτο μαρτυρεῖ, καὶ τὴν μαρτυρίαν αὐτοῦ οὐδεὶς λαμβάνει. Μέγα τι καὶ ὑψηλὸν εἰπὼν περὶ αὐτοῦ, πάλιν ἐπὶ τὸ ταπεινότερον τὸν λόγον ἄγει. Τὸ γὰρ, Ὃ ἤκουσε καὶ ἑώρακεν, ἀνθρωπινώτερον εἴρηται. Οὐ γὰρ ἀπὸ τοῦ παραλαβεῖν ὄψει, οὐδ' ἀπὸ τοῦ ἀκοῦσαι ᾔδει ἃ ᾔδει· ἀλλ' ἐν τῇ φύσει τὸ πᾶν εἶχε, τέλειος ἐκ τῶν πατρικῶν προελθὼν κόλπων, καὶ οὐ δεόμενος τοῦ διδάσκοντος. Καθὼς γὰρ, φησὶ, γινώσκει με ὁ Πατὴρ, οὕτω κἀγὼ γινώσκω τὸν Πατέρα. Τί οὖν ἐστιν, Ὃ ἤκουσε, λαλεῖ, καὶ ὃ ἑώρακε, μαρτυρεῖ; Ἐπειδὴ διὰ τῶν αἰσθήσεων τούτων ἡμεῖς πάντα μανθάνομεν ἀκριβῶς, καὶ ἀξιόπιστοι δοκοῦμεν εἶναι διδάσκαλοι, ὑπὲρ ὧν ἢ ὄψει παραλάβωμεν, ἢ ἀκοῇ δεξώμεθα, ἅτε οὐ πλαττόμενοι, οὐδὲ ψευδῆ λέγοντες· τοῦτο καὶ ἐνταῦθα κατασκευάσαι βουλόμενος ὁ Ἰωάννης εἶπε τὸ, Ἃ ἤκουσε καὶ ἑώρακε· τουτέστιν, οὐδὲν τῶν παρ' αὐτοῦ ψεῦδός ἐστιν, ἀλλὰ πάντα ἀληθῆ. Οὕτω δήπου καὶ ἡμεῖς περιεργαζόμενοι πολλάκις ἐρωτῶμεν· σὺ ἤκουσας; σὺ εἶδες; κἂν δειχθῇ τοῦτο, ἀναμφίβολος ἡ μαρτυρία. Καὶ αὐτὸς δὲ ὅταν λέγῃ, Καθὼς ἀκούω, κρίνω, καὶ, Ἃ ἤκουσα παρὰ τοῦ Πατρός μου, λαλῶ, καὶ Ὃ ἑωράκαμεν, λαλοῦμεν, καὶ ὅσα ἂν ἕτερα τοιαῦτα φθέγγηται, οὐχ ἵνα μάθωμεν ὅτι διδασκόμενος λέγει ἃ λέγει (τοῦτο γὰρ τῆς ἐσχάτης ἀνοίας ἐστὶ νομίζειν)· ἀλλ' ἵνα μηδὲν τῶν λεγομένων ὑποπτεύηται παρὰ τῶν ἀναισχύντων Ἰουδαίων. Ἐπειδὴ γὰρ οὐδέπω τὴν προσήκουσαν περὶ αὐτοῦ δόξαν εἶχον, συνεχῶς ἐπὶ τὸν Πατέρα καταφεύγει, ἐκεῖθεν ἀξιόπιστα ποιῶν τὰ λεγόμενα. βʹ. Καὶ τί θαυμάζεις εἰ ἐπὶ τὸν Πατέρα καταφεύγει. 59.173 ὅπου γε αὐτὸς πολλάκις καὶ ἐπὶ τοὺς προφήτας καὶ ἐπὶ τὰς Γραφὰς ἔρχεται; ὡς ὅταν λέγῃ, Ἐκεῖναί εἰσιν αἱ μαρτυροῦσαι περὶ ἐμοῦ. Ἆρ' οὖν καὶ τῶν προφητῶν ἐλάττονα αὐτὸν εἶναι φήσομεν, ἐπειδὴ τὰς ἐκεῖθεν ἕλκει μαρτυρίας; Ἄπαγε. ∆ιὰ γὰρ τὴν τῶν ἀκουόντων ἀσθένειαν οὕτω μεθοδεύει τὸν λόγον, καὶ παρὰ τοῦ Πατρὸς ἀκηκοώς φησι λαλεῖν ἅπερ ἐλάλει, οὐχ ὡς διδασκάλου δεόμενος, ἀλλ' ἵνα ἐκεῖνοι πιστεύσωσι μηδὲν εἶναι ψεῦδος τῶν λεγομένων. Ὃ δὲ λέγει Ἰωάννης, τοιοῦτόν ἐστιν· Ἐγὼ δέομαι ἀκοῦσαι