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first ran before, the present things would not have been so easily accepted. Do not, therefore, demand their virtue now, when their use has passed; but then, when the time called for them; or rather, if you wish, even now. For even now their virtue is shown, and especially for this very reason for which it is slandered by us. For that they appear such now is the greatest encomium for them. For if it had not nourished us well, and made us fit for the reception of greater things, they would not have appeared such. Just as the breast, then, when it has fulfilled all its purpose, and sends the child on to the more perfect table, henceforth appears useless, and the parents who before thought it necessary for the child, slander it with countless 57.262 jests; and many not only slander it with words, but also anoint it with bitter drugs, so that when words are not strong enough to remove the child's unseasonable disposition towards it, the facts might extinguish the desire. 2. Thus also Christ said they were of the evil one, not to show that the old law was of the devil, but in order to lead them away from the old worthlessness with much exaggeration. And to them he says these things; but in the case of the senseless Jews, who persisted in the same things, as if anointing the city with a certain bitterness, with the fear of captivity, he made it inaccessible. But since not even this was strong enough to restrain them, but they again desired to see it, like a child running to the nipple, he completely hid it, both by destroying it, and by leading the majority far away from it; just as many, in the case of cattle, by shutting away the heifers, persuade them in time to give up their old habit of milk. But if the Old was of the devil, it would not have led them away from idolatry, but on the contrary would have led and cast them into it; for this is what the devil wanted. But now we see the contrary being done by the Old. And this very thing, the oath, was legislated in the old times for this reason, that they might not swear by idols. ‘For you shall swear,’ it says, ‘by the true God.’ The law, therefore, accomplished not small, but very great things. For their coming to solid food was the work of its earnestness. What then? ‘Is not swearing,’ he says, ‘of the Evil One?’ Most certainly of the evil one; but now, after so much philosophy, but not then. ‘And how could the same thing,’ he says, ‘be now good, and now not good?’ But I say the contrary: how could it not be good and not good, when all things cry this out, the arts, the fruits, all other things? See, for instance, this first happening in our own nature. For being carried is good in the first age of life, but after this, destructive; eating chewed food is good in the beginnings of our life, but afterwards it is full of disgust; being nourished with milk and running to the nipple is useful and salutary at the beginning, but afterwards destructive and harmful. Do you see how the same things appear good, and then not so, because of the times? For wearing a child's garment is fine for a boy, but for a man it is again shameful. Do you want to learn also from the opposites, how a man's things are again unfitting for a child? Give a child a man's garment, and there will be much laughter, and the danger greater, as he often trips while walking so. Give him political affairs to handle, and to trade, and to sow, and to reap, and again there will be much laughter. And why do I say these things? For murder, which is acknowledged by all to be an invention of the evil one, this, having seized the fitting moment, caused Phinehas who committed it to be honored with the priesthood. For that murder is his work, hear what he says: ‘You wish to do the works of your father; he was a murderer from the beginning.’ But Phinehas became a murderer, ‘And it was counted to him for righteousness,’ it says. And 57.263 Abraham, having become not only a murderer, but also a child-murderer (which was much worse),

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πρῶτον προέδραμεν, οὐκ ἂν οὕτως εὐκόλως ἐδέχθη τὰ νῦν. Μὴ τοίνυν αὐτῶν ἀπαίτει τὴν ἀρετὴν νῦν, ὅτε παρῆλθεν αὐτῶν ἡ χρεία· ἀλλὰ τότε, ὅτε ὁ καιρὸς αὐτὰ ἐκάλει· μᾶλλον δὲ, εἰ βούλει, καὶ νῦν. Καὶ γὰρ καὶ νῦν ἡ ἀρετὴ αὐτῶν δείκνυται, καὶ δι' αὐτὸ τοῦτο μάλιστα, δι' ὃ παρ' ἡμῶν διαβάλλεται. Τὸ γὰρ τοιαῦτα αὐτὰ φαίνεσθαι νῦν, ἐγκώμιον αὐτῶν μέγιστόν ἐστιν. Εἰ γὰρ μὴ καλῶς ἡμᾶς ἔθρεψε, καὶ πρὸς τὴν τῶν μειζόνων ὑποδοχὴν ἐπιτηδείους ἐποίησεν, οὐκ ἂν ἐφάνη τοιαῦτα. Ὥσπερ οὖν ὁ μαστὸς, ὅταν τὸ αὐτοῦ πληρώσῃ πᾶν, καὶ πρὸς τὴν τελειοτέραν τράπεζαν τὸ παιδίον παραπέμπῃ, λοιπὸν ἄχρηστος φαίνεται, καὶ οἱ πρότερον ἀναγκαῖον αὐτὸν εἶναι νομίζοντες τῷ παιδίῳ γονεῖς, μυρίοις αὐτὸν διαβάλ 57.262 λουσι σκώμμασι· πολλοὶ δὲ οὐδὲ ῥήμασιν αὐτὸν μόνον διαβάλλουσιν, ἀλλὰ καὶ πικροῖς ἐπιχρίουσι φαρμάκοις, ἵν' ὅταν μὴ ἰσχύσῃ τὰ ῥήματα τὴν ἄκαιρον περὶ αὐτὸν διάθεσιν ἀνελεῖν τοῦ παιδίου, τὰ πράγματα σβέσῃ τὸν πόθον. ʹ. Οὕτω καὶ ὁ Χριστὸς ἐκ τοῦ πονηροῦ αὐτὰ ἔφησεν εἶναι, οὐχ ἵνα δείξῃ τοῦ διαβόλου τὴν παλαιὰν οὖσαν, ἀλλ' ἵνα μετὰ πολλῆς τῆς ὑπερβολῆς ἀπαγάγῃ τῆς παλαιᾶς εὐτελείας. Καὶ πρὸς μὲν αὐτοὺς ταῦτα λέγει· ἐπὶ δὲ τῶν ἀναισθήτων Ἰουδαίων, καὶ ἐπιμενόντων τοῖς αὐτοῖς, καθάπερ πικρίᾳ τινὶ τῷ τῆς αἰχμαλωσίας φόβῳ τὴν πόλιν περιχρίσας, ἄβατον ἐποίησεν. Ἐπειδὴ δὲ οὐδὲ τοῦτο ἴσχυσεν αὐτοὺς κατέχειν ἀλλὰ πάλιν αὐτὴν ἐπεθύμουν ἰδεῖν, ὥσπερ παιδίον ἐπὶ τὴν θηλὴν κατατρέχοντες, τέλεον αὐτὴν ἀπέκρυψε, καθελών τε αὐτὴν, καὶ τοὺς πλείονας πόῤῥω ταύτης ἀπαγαγών· καθάπερ ἐπὶ τῶν βοῶν πολλοὶ τὰς δαμάλεις ἀποκλείοντες, τῷ χρόνῳ πείθουσιν ἀποστῆναι τῆς παλαιᾶς τοῦ γάλακτος συνηθείας. Εἰ δὲ τοῦ διαβόλου ἦν ἡ Παλαιὰ, οὐκ ἂν τῆς εἰδωλολατρείας ἀπήγαγεν, ἀλλὰ τοὐναντίον ἐνῆγεν ἂν εἰς αὐτὴν καὶ ἐνέβαλλε· τοῦτο γὰρ ὁ διάβολος ἤθελε. Νῦν δὲ τοὐναντίον ὁρῶμεν ὑπὸ τῆς Παλαιᾶς γινόμενον. Καὶ αὐτὸ δὲ τοῦτο, ὁ ὅρκος, τὸ παλαιὸν διὰ τοῦτο ἐνομοθετήθη, ἵνα μὴ κατὰ τῶν εἰδώλων ὀμνύωσιν. Ὀμεῖσθε γὰρ, φησὶ, τὸν Θεὸν τὸν ἀληθινόν. Οὐ τοίνυν μικρὰ κατώρθωσεν ὁ νόμος, ἀλλὰ καὶ σφόδρα μεγάλα. Τὸ γὰρ ἐπὶ τὴν στερεὰν αὐτοὺς τροφὴν ἐλθεῖν, τῆς ἐκείνου σπουδῆς γέγονεν ἔργον. Τί οὖν; οὐχὶ τοῦ Πονηροῦ, φησὶν, ἐστὶ τὸ ὀμνύναι; Καὶ σφόδρα μὲν οὖν τοῦ πονηροῦ· ἀλλὰ νῦν, μετὰ τὴν τοσαύτην φιλοσοφίαν, τότε δὲ οὔ. Καὶ πῶς ἂν τὸ αὐτὸ γένοιτο, φησὶ, νῦν μὲν καλὸν, νῦν δὲ οὐ καλόν; Ἐγὼ δὲ τοὐναντίον λέγω· πῶς δὲ οὐκ ἂν γένοιτο καλὸν καὶ οὐ καλὸν, τῶν πραγμάτων ἁπάντων αὐτὰ βοώντων, τῶν τεχνῶν, τῶν καρπῶν, τῶν ἄλλων ἁπάντων; Ὅρα γοῦν ἐπὶ τῆς φύσεως τῆς ἡμετέρας αὐτὸ πρῶτον συμβαῖνον. Τὸ γὰρ βαστάζεσθαι ἐν μὲν τῇ πρώτῃ ἡλικίᾳ καλὸν, μετὰ δὲ ταῦτα ὀλέθριον· τὸ μεμασημένην τροφὴν ἐσθίειν, ἐν μὲν προοιμίοις τῆς ζωῆς ἡμῶν καλὸν, μετὰ δὲ ταῦτα βδελυγμίας γέμει· τὸ γαλακτοτροφεῖσθαι καὶ πρὸς τὴν θηλὴν φεύγειν, ἐν ἀρχῇ μὲν χρήσιμον καὶ σωτήριον, μετὰ δὲ ταῦτα ὀλέθριον καὶ βλαβερόν. Ὁρᾷς πῶς τὰ αὐτὰ πράγματα ὑπὸ τῶν καιρῶν καλὰ, καὶ οὐ τοιαῦτα φαίνεται πάλιν; Καὶ γὰρ τὸ ἱμάτιον φορεῖν παιδικὸν μειρακίῳ μὲν ὄντι καλὸν, ἀνδρὶ δὲ γενομένῳ πάλιν αἰσχρόν. Βούλει καὶ ἐκ τῶν ἐναντίων μαθεῖν, πῶς τῷ παιδὶ τὰ τοῦ ἀνδρὸς ἀνάρμοστα πάλιν; ∆ὸς τῷ παιδὶ ἱμάτιον ἀνδρικὸν, καὶ πολὺς ἔσται ὁ γέλως, καὶ μείζων ὁ κίνδυνος, ἐν τῷ βαδίζειν οὕτω περιτρεπομένου πολλάκις. ∆ὸς αὐτῷ μεταχειρίζειν πράγματα πολιτικὰ, καὶ ἐμπορεύεσθαι, καὶ σπείρειν, καὶ ἀμᾶσθαι, καὶ πάλιν πολὺς ἔσται ὁ γέλως. Καὶ τί λέγω ταῦτα; Ὁ γὰρ φόνος ὁ παρὰ πᾶσιν ὡμολογημένος εὕρεμα εἶναι τοῦ πονηροῦ, οὗτος ἐπιλαβόμενος καιροῦ τοῦ προσήκοντος, τὸν ἐργασάμενον αὐτὸν Φινεὲς ἱερωσύνῃ τιμηθῆναι ἐποίησεν. Ὅτι γὰρ ὁ φόνος ἔργον ἐκείνου, ἄκουσον τί φησιν· Ὑμεῖς τὰ ἔργα τοῦ πατρὸς ὑμῶν θέλετε ποιεῖν· ἐκεῖνος ἀνθρωποκτόνος ἦν ἀπ' ἀρχῆς. Ἀλλ' ἐγένετο ἀνθρωποκτόνος ὁ Φινεὲς, Καὶ ἐλογίσθη αὐτῷ εἰς δικαιοσύνην, φησίν. Ὁ δὲ 57.263 Ἀβραὰμ οὐκ ἀνθρωποκτόνος μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ παιδοκτόνος (ὃ πολλῷ χεῖρον ἦν) γενόμενος,