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provided the basis and pretext for punishment. So that even if one grieves according to God, he reaps great benefit from it. Therefore, when those who are scourged are more blessed than those who scourge, and those who are afflicted among us than those in ease among outsiders, and those who are despondent than those who are pleased, what occasion for affliction will be left for us? For this reason, one must call no one blessed, except only the one living according to God. Scripture also calls these alone blessed; For blessed, it says, is the man who has not walked in the counsel of the ungodly; Blessed is the one whom you discipline, O Lord, and teach him from your law; Blessed are the blameless in the way; Blessed are all who trust in him; Blessed is the people whose God is the Lord; Blessed is he whose soul has not condemned him; Blessed is the man who fears the Lord. And Christ again thus: Blessed are those who mourn, blessed are the humble, blessed are the meek, blessed are the peacemakers, blessed are those who are persecuted for righteousness' sake. Do you see how everywhere the divine laws call blessed none of the rich, none of those of noble birth, none of those who enjoy glory, but the one who has laid hold of virtue? For the thing sought, of all that we may do or suffer, is that the fear of God be the basis, and if you lay down this root beforehand, not only ease, nor honors, and glories, and services, but also insults, and slanders, and insolence, and dishonors, and tortures, and simply all things will sprout for you fruits of pleasure. And just as the roots of trees are themselves bitter, but bear for us the sweetest fruits, so also indeed will grief according to God bring us much pleasure. Those know, who have often prayed with pain and poured out tears, how much gladness they reaped, 49.186 how they cleansed their conscience, how they rose up with good hope. For what I always say, it is not the nature of things, but our own disposition that is accustomed to grieve and to gladden us. If, therefore, we prepare this as it should be, we will have a pledge of all cheerfulness; and just as with the body, it is not so much the nature of the air nor external assaults, as its own constitution that both harms and benefits, so it is also with the soul; and much more so. For in the one case there is the necessity of nature, but in the other everything rests on choice. For this reason Paul, having endured countless terrible things, shipwrecks, wars, uprisings, plots, attacks of robbers, and things that cannot even be enumerated in speech, and dying daily deaths, not only did not feel pain nor was he discontented, but he also boasted and rejoiced, and says: Now I rejoice in my sufferings, and fill up in my flesh what is lacking in the afflictions of Christ; and again: And not only so, but we also glory in tribulations; and glorying is an intensification of pleasure.

4. If, therefore, you desire cheerfulness, do not pursue money, nor bodily health, nor glory, nor power, nor luxury, nor costly tables, nor the wearing of silken garments, nor costly fields, nor splendid and conspicuous houses, nor anything else of that sort; but pursue the philosophy that is according to God, and lay hold of virtue; and nothing, neither of things present nor of things hoped for, will be able to grieve you; why do I say grieve? rather, the things that grieve others will become an addition of pleasure to you; for indeed scourges, and death, and losses, and evil-speaking, and suffering ill, and all such things, when they are brought upon us for God's sake, and have this root, bring much pleasure into our soul. For no one will be able to make us miserable, unless we make ourselves so; just as, therefore, no one can make us blessed, unless we work to make ourselves so, with the grace of God. And that you may learn that he alone is blessed who fears the Lord, I will prove this to you now, not from things past, but from what has happened to us. Our entire city was in danger of being destroyed, and of the rich and conspicuous and notable men, no one dared to appear in the midst, but all fled and leaped away; but those who God

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κολάσεως ὑπόθεσιν παρέσχε καὶ πρόφασιν. Ὥστε κἂν λυπῆταί τις κατὰ Θεὸν, μεγάλην ἐντεῦθεν καρποῦται ὠφέλειαν. Ὅταν οὖν οἱ μαστιζόμενοι τῶν μαστιζόντων εἰσὶ μακαριώτεροι, καὶ οἱ θλιβόμενοι παρ' ἡμῖν τῶν ἐν ἀνέσει παρὰ τοῖς ἔξωθεν, καὶ οἱ ἀθυμοῦντες τῶν ἡδομένων, τίς ἔσται λοιπὸν θλίψεως ἡμῖν ἀφορμή; ∆ιὰ τοῦτο οὐδένα χρὴ μακαρίζειν, ἀλλ' ἢ τὸν κατὰ Θεὸν ζῶντα μόνον. Τούτους καὶ ἡ Γραφὴ μακαρίζει μόνους· Μακάριος γὰρ, φησὶν, ἀνὴρ, ὃς οὐκ ἐπορεύθη ἐν βουλῇ ἀσεβῶν· Μακάριος ὃν ἂν παιδεύσῃς, Κύριε, καὶ ἐκ τοῦ νόμου σου διδάξῃς αὐτόν· Μακάριοι οἱ ἄμωμοι ἐν ὁδῷ· Μακάριοι πάντες οἱ πεποιθότες ἐπ' αὐτῷ· Μακάριος ὁ λαὸς, οὗ Κύριος ὁ Θεὸς αὐτοῦ· Μακάριος, οὗ οὐ κατέγνω ἡ ψυχὴ αὐτοῦ· Μακάριος ἀνὴρ, ὁ φοβούμενος τὸν Κύριον. Καὶ ὁ Χριστὸς πάλιν οὕτως· Μακάριοι οἱ πενθοῦντες, μακάριοι οἱ ταπεινοὶ, μακάριοι οἱ πραεῖς, μακάριοι οἱ εἰρηνοποιοὶ, μακάριοι οἱ δεδιωγμένοι ἕνεκεν δικαιοσύνης. Ὁρᾷς πῶς πανταχοῦ οὐδένα τῶν πλουτούντων, οὐ τῶν ἐν εὐγενείᾳ, οὐ τῶν δόξης ἀπολαυόντων μακαρίζουσιν οἱ θεῖοι νόμοι, ἀλλὰ τὸν ἀρετῆς ἐπειλημμένον; Τὸ γὰρ ζητούμενον, πάντων ὧν ἂν ποιῶμεν ἢ πάσχωμεν, ὑπόθεσιν εἶναι τὸν τοῦ Θεοῦ φόβον, κἂν ταύτην προκαταβάλῃς τὴν ῥίζαν, οὐκ ἄνεσις μόνον, οὐδὲ τιμαὶ, καὶ δόξαι, καὶ θεραπεῖαι, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἐπήρειαι, καὶ συκοφαντίαι, καὶ ὕβρεις, καὶ ἀτιμίαι, καὶ βάσανοι, καὶ πάντα ἁπλῶς ἡδονῆς σοι βλαστήσει καρπούς. Καὶ καθάπερ τῶν δένδρων αἱ ῥίζαι αὐταὶ μέν εἰσι πικραὶ, ἡδίστους δὲ ἡμῖν τοὺς καρποὺς φέρουσιν, οὕτω δὴ καὶ ἡ κατὰ Θεὸν λύπη πολλὴν ἡμῖν οἴσει τὴν ἡδονήν. Ἴσασιν, ὅσοι πολλάκις μετ' ὀδύνης ηὔξαντο καὶ δάκρυα ἐξέχεαν, πόσην ἐκαρ 49.186 πώσαντο τὴν εὐφροσύνην, πῶς ἐξεκάθηραν τὸ συνειδὸς, πῶς μετὰ χρηστῆς ἀνέστησαν ἐλπίδος. Ὅπερ γὰρ ἀεὶ λέγω, οὐχ ἡ τῶν πραγμάτων φύσις, ἀλλ' ἡ διάνοια ἡ ἡμετέρα λυπεῖν ἡμᾶς εἴωθε καὶ εὐφραίνειν. Ἂν τοίνυν ταύτην κατασκευάσωμεν, οἵαν εἶναι χρὴ, πάσης εὐθυμίας ἐνέχυρον ἕξομεν· καὶ καθάπερ τὸ σῶμα οὐχ οὕτως ἡ τῶν ἀέρων φύσις οὐδὲ αἱ ἔξωθεν προσβολαὶ, ὡς ἡ οἰκεία κατασκευὴ καὶ βλάπτει καὶ ὠφελεῖ, οὕτω καὶ ἐπὶ τῆς ψυχῆς· καὶ πολλῷ πλέον. Ἐνταῦθα μὲν γὰρ φύσεώς ἐστιν ἀνάγκη, ἐκεῖ δὲ τὸ πᾶν ἐπὶ τῇ προαιρέσει κεῖται. ∆ιὰ τοῦτο ὁ Παῦλος μυρία ὑπομείνας δεινὰ, ναυάγια, πολέμους, ἐπαναστάσεις, ἐπιβουλὰς, λῃστῶν ἐφόδους, καὶ ὅσα οὐδὲ ἀπαριθμήσασθαι ἔνι τῷ λόγῳ, καὶ καθημερινοὺς θανάτους ἀποθνήσκων, οὐ μόνον οὐκ ἤλγει οὐδὲ ἐδυσχέραινεν, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἐκαυχᾶτο καὶ ἔχαιρε, καὶ λέγει· Νῦν χαίρω ἐν τοῖς παθήμασί μου, καὶ ἀνταναπληρῶ τὰ ὑστερήματα τῶν θλίψεων τοῦ Χριστοῦ ἐν τῇ σαρκί μου· καὶ πάλιν· Οὐ μόνον δὲ, ἀλλὰ καὶ καυχώμεθα ἐν ταῖς θλίψεσιν· ἡ δὲ καύχησις ἡδονῆς ἐστιν ἐπίτασις.

δʹ. Ἂν τοίνυν εὐθυμίας ἐπιθυμῇς, μὴ χρήματα, μὴ σώματος ὑγίειαν, μὴ δόξαν, μὴ δυναστείαν, μὴ τρυφὴν, μὴ τραπέζας πολυτελεῖς, μὴ σηρικῶν ἱματίων περιβολὰς, μὴ πολυτελεῖς ἀγροὺς, μὴ οἰκίας λαμπρὰς καὶ περιφανεῖς, μηδὲ ἄλλο τι τῶν τοιούτων δίωκε μηδέν· ἀλλὰ φιλοσοφίαν μέτελθε τὴν κατὰ Θεὸν, καὶ ἀρετῆς ἐπιλαβοῦ· καὶ οὐδέν σε οὐ τῶν ὄντων, οὐ τῶν ἐλπιζομένων λυπῆσαι δυνήσεται· τί λέγω λυπῆσαι; προσθήκη μὲν οὖν ἡδονῆς σοι γενήσεται τὰ τοὺς ἄλλους λυποῦντα· καὶ γὰρ μάστιγες, καὶ θάνατος, καὶ ζημίαι, καὶ κακηγορίαι, καὶ τὸ κακῶς πάσχειν, καὶ πάντα τὰ τοιαῦτα, ὅταν διὰ τὸν Θεὸν ἡμῖν ἐπάγηται, καὶ ταύτην ἔχῃ τὴν ῥίζαν, πολλὴν ἡμῖν εἰς τὴν ψυχὴν εἰσάγει τὴν ἡδονήν. Οὐδεὶς γὰρ ἡμᾶς ἀθλίους ποιῆσαι δυνήσεται, ἐὰν μὴ ἑαυτοὺς ποιήσωμεν· ὥσπερ οὖν οὐδὲ μακαρίους, ἐὰν μὴ ἑαυτοὺς ἐργασώμεθα, μετὰ τὴν τοῦ Θεοῦ χάριν. Καὶ ἵνα μάθητε, ὅτι οὗτος μόνος ἐστὶ μακάριος, ὁ φοβούμενος τὸν Κύριον, οὐκ ἀπὸ τῶν παρελθόντων, ἀλλ' ἀπὸ τῶν ἡμῖν συμβάντων τοῦτο ὑμῖν ἀποδείξω νῦν. Ἐκινδύνευσεν ἡμῖν ἡ πόλις ἀφανισθῆναι πᾶσα, καὶ τῶν μὲν πλουτούντων καὶ περιφανῶν καὶ ἐπισήμων ἀνδρῶν οὐδεὶς ἐτόλμησεν ἐν τῷ μέσῳ φανῆναι, ἀλλὰ πάντες ἔφυγον καὶ ἀπεπήδων· οἱ δὲ τὸν Θεὸν