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and to be freed from the harsh slavery of men, and to become a genuine worker of virtue. For as you are now disposed, if you are in a desert, you will be destitute of all virtue, not having those who observe you. This is also to insult virtue itself, if you are going to pursue it not for its own sake, but for the sake of the rope-maker, and the coppersmith, and the great crowd of the marketplace, so that even the wicked, and those who are far from it, may admire you; and you call its enemies to its display and observation; just as if someone should choose to be temperate, not for the beauty of temperance, but to show off to those who have consorted with harlots. So you too would not have chosen virtue, if not for the enemies of virtue; though one ought to admire it on this account, that it has even its enemies as praisers; but to admire it, as one ought, not for the sake of others, but for its own sake. For we too, when we are loved not for ourselves but for others, consider the matter an insult. Consider this therefore also in the case of virtue; and neither pursue it for the sake of others, nor obey God for the sake of men, but men for the sake of God; for if you do the opposite, even if you seem to pursue virtue, you have provoked Him just as one who does not pursue it. For just as that one disobeyed by not doing, so also you by doing unlawfully. Lay not up for yourselves treasures upon earth. For since He cast out the disease of vain- 57.289 glory, He opportunely introduces the discourse on having no possessions. For nothing so disposes one to love money as the love of glory. For this reason, then, men contrive herds of slaves, and a swarm of eunuchs, and horses bearing gold, and silver tables, and other more ridiculous things; not to fulfill a need, nor to enjoy pleasure, but to show off to the many. Above, then, He said only that one must be merciful; but here He also shows how much one must be merciful, saying, Lay not up treasures. For since it was not possible from the beginning to introduce at once the discourse on contempt for riches, because of the tyranny of the passion, by cutting it away and freeing it little by little, He instills it in the mind of the hearers, so that it might become easily received. For this reason, indeed, first He said, Blessed are the merciful; and after this, Agree with thine adversary; and after that again, If any man will sue thee at the law, and take away thy coat, let him have thy cloak also; but here, what is much greater than all those. For there He said that if you see a lawsuit impending, do this; for to be freed from a fight without possessions is better than to fight while having them. But here, having mentioned neither an adversary, nor one being judged, nor any other such thing, He teaches the contempt for riches in and of itself, showing that He legislates these things not so much for the sake of those who receive mercy as for the one who gives; so that even if there is no one who is unjust and dragging us to court, we should thus despise our possessions, giving them to those in need. And not even here has He laid down the whole matter, but even here gently, although He had displayed the struggles concerning these things with great exaggeration in the desert. But nevertheless He does not set this down, nor bring it forward; for it was not yet time to reveal it; but for the time being He examines reasonings, observing the role of a counselor rather than a lawgiver in His words concerning these things. For having said, Lay not up treasures on earth, He added: Where moth and rust doth corrupt, and where thieves break through and steal. For the time being He shows the harm of treasure here, and the benefit of that there, both from the place, and from the things that destroy. And He does not stop at this point, but He also adds another argument. And first, He urges them on from those things which they especially fear. For what do you fear? He says; that your money will be spent, if you give alms? Therefore give alms, and then it will not be spent; and what is greater, that not only will it not be spent, but it will also receive a greater increase; for the things in heaven are added to it. But for the time being He does not say this, but sets it down later. 3. But for the time being what might especially urge them on

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καὶ τῆς χαλεπῆς τῶν ἀνθρώπων ἐλευθερωθῆναι δουλείας, καὶ γνήσιον γενέσθαι τῆς ἀρετῆς ἐργάτην. Ὡς νῦν γε οὕτω διακείμενος, ἂν ἐν ἐρημίᾳ γένῃ, πάσης ἔρημος ἔσῃ τῆς ἀρετῆς, οὐκ ἔχων τοὺς θεωροῦντας. Ὃ καὶ αὐτὴν ὑβρίζοντός ἐστι τὴν ἀρετὴν, εἴγε μὴ δι' αὐτὴν, ἀλλὰ διὰ τὸν σχοινοστρόφον, καὶ τὸν χαλκοτύπον, καὶ τὸν πολὺν τῶν ἀγοραίων δῆμον μέλλοις αὐτὴν μετιέναι, ἵνα καὶ οἱ κακοὶ, καὶ οἱ πόῤῥω ταύτης ὄντες σε θαυμάσωσι· καὶ τοὺς ἐχθροὺς αὐτῆς καλεῖς ἐπὶ τὴν ἐπίδειξιν αὐτῆς καὶ τὴν θεωρίαν· ὥσπερ ἂν εἴ τις σωφρονεῖν ἕλοιτο, μὴ διὰ τὸ τῆς σωφροσύνης καλὸν, ἀλλ' ἵνα ἐπιδείξηται τοῖς ἡταιρηκόσι. Καὶ σὺ τοίνυν οὐκ ἂν εἴλου τὴν ἀρετὴν, εἰ μὴ διὰ τοὺς ἐχθροὺς τῆς ἀρετῆς· δέον αὐτὴν καὶ ἐντεῦθεν θαυμάσαι, ὅτι καὶ τοὺς ἐχθροὺς ἐπαινέτας ἔχει· θαυμάσαι δὲ, ὡς χρὴ, μὴ δι' ἑτέρους, ἀλλὰ δι' αὐτήν. Ἐπεὶ καὶ ἡμεῖς, ὅταν μὴ δι' ἑαυτοὺς, ἀλλὰ δι' ἑτέρους φιλώμεθα, ὕβριν τὸ πρᾶγμα νομίζομεν. Τοῦτο τοίνυν καὶ ἐπὶ τῆς ἀρετῆς λογίζου· καὶ μήτε δι' ἑτέρους αὐτὴν δίωκε, μήτε δι' ἀνθρώπους ὑπάκουε τῷ Θεῷ, ἀλλὰ διὰ τὸν Θεὸν ἀνθρώποις· ὡς ἂν τὸ ἐναντίον ποιῇς, κἂν μετιέναι δοκῇς ἀρετὴν, ὁμοίως τῷ μὴ μετιόντι παρώξυνας. Ὥσπερ γὰρ ἐκεῖνος τῷ μὴ ποιῆσαι παρήκουσεν, οὕτω καὶ σὺ τῷ παρανόμως ποιῆσαι. Μὴ θησαυρίζετε ὑμῖν θησαυροὺς ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς. Ἐπειδὴ γὰρ τὸ τῆς κενο 57.289 δοξίας ἐξέβαλε νόσημα, εὐκαίρως λοιπὸν καὶ τὸν περὶ ἀκτημοσύνης εἰσάγει λόγον. Οὐδὲν γὰρ οὕτω χρημάτων ἐρᾷν παρασκευάζει, ὡς ὁ τῆς δόξης ἔρως. ∆ιὰ γοῦν τοῦτο καὶ τὰς τῶν ἀνδραπόδων ἀγέλας, καὶ τὸν ἐσμὸν τῶν εὐνούχων, καὶ τοὺς χρυσοφοροῦντας ἵππους, καὶ τὰς ἀργυρᾶς τραπέζας, καὶ τὰ ἄλλα τὰ καταγελαστότερα ἐπινοοῦσιν ἄνθρωποι· οὐχ ἵνα χρείαν πληρώσωσιν, οὐδ' ἵνα ἡδονῆς ἀπολαύσωσιν, ἀλλ' ἵνα τοῖς πολλοῖς ἐπιδείξωνται. Ἀνωτέρω μὲν οὖν, ὅτι ἐλεεῖν δεῖ μόνον ἔλεγεν· ἐνταῦθα δὲ καὶ πόσον ἐλεεῖν χρὴ δείκνυσιν, εἰπὼν, Μὴ θησαυρίζετε. Ἐπειδὴ γὰρ οὐκ ἐνῆν ἐξ ἀρχῆς ἀθρόον τὸν περὶ τῆς ὑπεροψίας τῶν χρημάτων εἰσαγαγεῖν λόγον διὰ τὴν τυραννίδα τοῦ πάθους, κατὰ μικρὸν αὐτὸν διατεμὼν καὶ ἐλευθερώσας, ἐνίησιν ἐν τῇ τῶν ἀκροατῶν διανοίᾳ, ὥστε εὐπαράδεκτον γενέσθαι. ∆ιὰ δὴ τοῦτο πρῶτον μὲν ἔλεγε, Μακάριοι οἱ ἐλεήμονες· μετὰ δὲ τοῦτο, Ἴσθι εὐνοῶν τῷ ἀντιδίκῳ σου· καὶ μετ' ἐκεῖνο πάλιν, Ἐάν τίς σοι θέλῃ κριθῆναι, καὶ τὸν χιτῶνά σου λαβεῖν, δὸς αὐτῷ καὶ τὸ ἱμάτιον· ἐνταῦθα δὲ τὸ πολλῷ μεῖζον πάντων ἐκείνων. Ἐκεῖ μὲν γὰρ εἶπεν, ὅτι Ἂν δίκην ἐπικειμένην ἴδῃς, τοῦτο ποίησον· τοῦ γὰρ μάχεσθαι ἔχοντα βέλτιον τὸ μὴ ἔχοντα ἀπηλλάχθαι μάχης. Ἐνταῦθα δὲ οὔτε ἀντίδικον, οὔτε τὸν κρινόμενον θεὶς, οὔτε ἄλλου οὐδενὸς τοιούτου μνημονεύσας, αὐτὴν καθ' ἑαυτὴν διδάσκει τὴν τῶν χρημάτων ὑπεροψίαν, δεικνὺς ὅτι οὐ διὰ τοὺς ἐλεουμένους τοσοῦτον, ὅσον διὰ τὸν διδόντα ταῦτα νομοθετεῖ· ἵνα κἂν μηδεὶς ᾖ ὁ ἀδικῶν καὶ ἕλκων εἰς δικαστήριον, καὶ οὕτω καταφρονῶμεν τῶν ὄντων, παρέχοντες αὐτὰ τοῖς δεομένοις. Καὶ οὐδὲ ἐνταῦθα τὸ ὅλον τέθεικεν, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἐνταῦθα ἠρέμα, καίτοιγε τοὺς ἀγῶνας τοὺς περὶ τούτων μετὰ πολλῆς ἐν τῇ ἐρήμῳ τῆς ὑπερβολῆς ἐπιδειξάμενος. Ἀλλ' ὅμως οὐ τίθησι τοῦτο, οὐδὲ εἰς μέσον ἄγει· οὐδέπω γὰρ ἐκκαλύψαι καιρὸς ἦν· ἀλλὰ λογισμοὺς ἐξετάζει τέως, συμβούλου μᾶλλον ἢ νομοθέτου τάξιν ἐν τοῖς περὶ τούτων φυλάττων λόγοις. Εἰπὼν γὰρ, Μὴ θησαυρίζετε ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς, ἐπήγαγεν· Ὅπου σὴς καὶ βρῶσις ἀφανίζει, καὶ ὅπου κλέπται διορύττουσι καὶ κλέπτουσι. Τέως δείκνυσι τοῦ ἐνταῦθα θησαυροῦ τὴν βλάβην, καὶ τοῦ ἐκεῖ τὴν ὠφέλειαν, καὶ ἀπὸ τοῦ τόπου, καὶ ἀπὸ τῶν λυμαινομένων. Καὶ οὐδὲ μέχρι τούτου ἵσταται, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἕτερον ἐπάγει λογισμόν. Καὶ πρῶτον, ἀφ' ὧν μάλιστα δεδοίκασιν, ἀπὸ τούτων αὐτοὺς προτρέπει. Τί γὰρ δέδοικας; φησί· μὴ ἀναλωθῇ τὰ χρήματα, ἐὰν ἐλεημοσύνην δῷς; Οὐκοῦν δὸς ἐλεημοσύνην, καὶ τότε οὐκ ἀναλωθήσεται· καὶ τὸ δὴ μεῖζον, ὅτι οὐ μόνον οὐκ ἀναλωθήσεται, ἀλλ' ὅτι καὶ προσθήκην λήψεται πλείονα· καὶ γὰρ τὰ ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς προστίθεται. Ἀλλὰ τέως αὐτὸ οὐ λέγει, ἀλλ' ὕστερον αὐτὸ τίθησι. γʹ. Τέως δὲ ὃ μάλιστα αὐτοὺς προτρέψαι