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of the so-called Macedonians. And having received each person's written statement, he praised only the one that introduced the consubstantial Trinity, and the others, as contrary, 7.12.10 he tore up. And for the Novatians, nothing from this turned out against their opinion; for they hold the same doctrines concerning God as the catholic church. But the others were angry with their own priests for having ignorantly become their opponents before the emperor, and many, having condemned their own, converted to the faith that had been praised. 7.12.11 The emperor, making laws, commanded the heterodox neither to hold assemblies, nor to teach about the faith, nor to ordain bishops or others, and that some be driven from cities and the countryside, and others be dishonored 7.12.12 and not share the same civic rights as others. And he wrote harsh punishments into the laws. But he did not enforce them; for he was not eager to punish, but to put his subjects in fear, so that they might become of one mind with him concerning the divine; since he also praised those who willingly changed their minds. 7.13.1 But around this time, while Gratian was occupied with the war against the Alamanni, Maximus revolted from Britain and was eager to bring the Roman empire under his own control. At that time Valentinian, being still young, was residing in Italy; and the administration of affairs there was entrusted 7.13.2 to Probus, who was prefect, a man of consular rank. It was then that Justina, the emperor's mother, who held the doctrines of Arius, caused trouble for Ambrose, the bishop of Milan, and disturbed the churches, attempting to innovate against the doctrines of Nicaea, and considering it of great importance that the faith of those who had assembled at Ariminum should prevail. 7.13.3 And since Ambrose strove for the opposite, she, becoming angry, slandered him to her son, as if she had been insulted. And Valentinian, supposing the slanders to be true, as if avenging his mother, 7.13.4 sent a multitude of soldiers against the church. And they, attacking the church, got inside by forcing the doors, and dragged Ambrose out on the spot to lead him into exile. But the multitude of the church, crowding around him, resisted the soldiers and resolved to die rather than to abandon their priest. 7.13.5 From this, Justina was inflamed to greater anger and planned to ratify her attempt by law. Therefore, having summoned Benivolus, who was then in charge of the secretaries of the decrees, she commanded him to enact a law with all speed for the confirmation of the faith read out at Ariminum. 7.13.6 But as he tried to decline the task (for he was of the catholic church), she urged him on, tempting him with promises of greater honor, but she did not persuade him. And taking off his belt, Benivolus threw it down before the empress’s feet, saying that he would claim neither his present honor nor a greater one as a reward for impiety. 7.13.7 Since, therefore, he insisted that he would never do this, others ministered to the enactment of such a law. And it commanded those who held the same doctrines as those who assembled at Ariminum and afterwards at Constantinople to meet without fear, but that those who stood in the way or made requests contrary to the emperor’s law should be punished with death. 7.13.8 While the emperor’s mother was diligently pursuing these things and urging that the law be put into effect, it was announced that Gratian had been slain by the treachery of Andragathius, who was Maximus’s general. For he concealed himself while riding in a royal carriage, and ordered [his men] to announce to the commanders that it was the emperor’s wife. 7.13. But Gratian, having incautiously crossed the river there, since he had recently married and was young and romantically disposed toward his wife, out of eagerness to see her, foreseeing nothing, fell into the hands of Andragathius. And having been captured, he was slain not long after, being about twenty-four years old, and having reigned for fifteen. And when so great a calamity occurred, Justina ceased from her anger against Ambrose. 7.13.10 Meanwhile Maximus, having gathered a very large army of Britons and of the neighboring Gauls and Celts and of the nations there, advanced upon Italy, on the pretext, indeed, that not

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καλουμένων Μακεδονιανῶν. δεξάμενος δὲ τὴν ἑκάστου γραφὴν μόνην τὴν ὁμοούσιον τριάδα εἰσηγουμένην ἐπῄνεσε, τὰς δὲ ἄλλας ὡς ἐναντίας 7.12.10 διέρρηξε. καὶ Ναυατιανοῖς μὲν οὐδὲν ἐντεῦθεν παρὰ γνώμην ἀπέβη· ὁμοίως γὰρ τῇ καθόλου ἐκκλησίᾳ τὰ περὶ θεοῦ δοξάζουσιν. οἱ δὲ ἄλλοι πρὸς τοὺς αὐτῶν ἱερέας ἐχαλέπαινον ὡς ἀμαθῶς σφίσιν ἐναντίους ἐπὶ τοῦ κρατοῦντος γενομένους, πολλοὶ δὲ καὶ καταγνόντες πρὸς τὴν ἐπαινεθεῖσαν 7.12.11 πίστιν μετέθεντο. ὁ δὲ βασιλεὺς νομοθετῶν ἐκέλευσε τοὺς ἑτεροδόξους μήτε ἐκκλησιάζειν μήτε περὶ πίστεως διδάσκειν μήτε ἐπισκόπους ἢ ἄλλους χειροτονεῖν, καὶ τοὺς μὲν πόλεων καὶ ἀγρῶν ἐλαύνεσθαι, τοὺς δὲ ἀτίμους 7.12.12 εἶναι καὶ πολιτείας ὁμοίας μὴ μετέχειν τοῖς ἄλλοις. καὶ χαλεπὰς τοῖς νόμοις ἐνέγραφε τιμωρίας. ἀλλ' οὐκ ἐπεξῄει· οὐ γὰρ τιμωρεῖσθαι, ἀλλ' εἰς δέος καθιστᾶν τοὺς ὑπηκόους ἐσπούδαζεν, ὅπως ὁμόφρονες αὐτῷ γένοιντο περὶ τὸ θεῖον· ἐπεὶ καὶ τοὺς ἑκοντὶ μετατιθεμένους ἐπῄνει. 7.13.1 ῾Υπὸ δὲ τοῦτον τὸν χρόνον ἠσχολημένῳ Γρατιανῷ εἰς τὸν πρὸς ᾿Αλα-μανοὺς πόλεμον ἐπανέστη Μάξιμος ἐκ τῆς Βρεττανίας καὶ ὑφ' ἑαυτὸν τὴν ῾Ρωμαίων ἀρχὴν ποιεῖν ἐσπούδαζεν. ἐν ᾿Ιταλίᾳ δὲ τότε διέτριβεν Οὐαλεν-τινιανὸς ἔτι νέος ὤν· ἐπετέτραπτο δὲ τῶν τῇδε πραγμάτων τὴν διοίκησιν 7.13.2 ὕπαρχος ὢν Πρόβος, ὑπατικὸς ἀνήρ· ἡνίκα δὴ ᾿Ιουστίνα ἡ τοῦ βασιλέως μήτηρ τὰ ᾿Αρείου φρονοῦσα πράγματα παρεῖχεν ᾿Αμβροσίῳ τῷ ἐπισκόπῳ Μεδιολάνου καὶ τὰς ἐκκλησίας ἐτάραττεν, ἐπιχειροῦσα νεωτερίζειν κατὰ τῶν ἐν Νικαίᾳ δοξάντων καὶ περὶ πολλοῦ ποιουμένη κρατεῖν τὴν πίστιν 7.13.3 τῶν ἐν ᾿Αριμήνῳ συνεληλυθότων. ἐπεὶ δὲ τοὐναντίον ἐσπούδαζεν ᾿Αμ- βρόσιος, χαλεπήνασα διαβάλλει αὐτὸν πρὸς τὸν υἱὸν ὡς ὑβρισμένη. ὑπολαβὼν δὲ Οὐαλεντινιανὸς ἀληθεῖς εἶναι τὰς διαβολάς, ἅτε δὴ μητρὶ τιμωρῶν 7.13.4 πλῆθος στρατιωτῶν ἐπιπέμπει τῇ ἐκκλησίᾳ. οἱ δὲ τῷ ναῷ προσβαλόντες βίᾳ τῶν θυρῶν ἐντὸς ἐγένοντο καὶ τὸν ᾿Αμβρόσιον εἷλκον αὐθωρὸν εἰς ὑπερορίαν ἄξοντες. περιχυθέντες δὲ αὐτῷ τὸ πλῆθος τῆς ἐκκλησίας ἀντέσχον τοῖς στρατιώταις καὶ πρότερον ἔγνωσαν ἀποθανεῖν ἢ τὸν ἱερέα 7.13.5 ὑπεριδεῖν. ἐκ τούτου δὲ εἰς μείζονα ὀργὴν ᾿Ιουστίνα ἐξήφθη καὶ νόμῳ κρατῦναι τὴν ἐγχείρησιν ἐβουλεύετο. μετακαλεσαμένη τοίνυν Βενίβολον τὸν ἐπὶ τοῖς γραμματεῦσι τῶν θεσμῶν τότε τεταγμένον ἐκέλευσε τὴν ταχίστην τιθέναι νόμον ἐπὶ βεβαιώσει τῆς ἀναγνωσθείσης ἐν ᾿Αριμήνῳ πίστεως. 7.13.6 ὑποπαραιτούμενον δὲ τὴν πρᾶξιν (ἦν γὰρ τῆς καθόλου ἐκκλησίας) προὐτρέπετο μείζονος τιμῆς ἐπαγγελίαις δελεάζουσα, ἀλλ' οὐκ ἔπεισεν· περιελὼν δὲ τὴν ζώνην Βενίβολος πρὸ τῶν ποδῶν τῆς βασιλίδος ἔρριψεν, μήτε τῆς οὔσης τιμῆς μήτε μείζονος μεταποιεῖσθαι φήσας ἐπὶ μισθῷ ἀσεβείας. 7.13.7 ἐπεὶ οὖν ἐνέστη μήποτε τοῦτο διαπράξασθαι, ἕτεροι διηκονήσαντο πρὸς τὴν θέσιν τοῦ τοιούτου νόμου. παρεκελεύετο δὲ ἀδεῶς συνιέναι τοὺς ὁμοίως δοξάζοντας τοῖς ἐν ᾿Αριμήνῳ καὶ μετὰ ταῦτα ἐν Κωνσταντινουπόλει συνεληλυθόσι, τοὺς δὲ ἐμποδὼν γενομένους ἢ ἐναντία τῷ νόμῳ βασιλέως δεομένους θανάτῳ ζημιοῦσθαι. 7.13.8 Ταῦτα σπουδαζούσης τῆς τοῦ βασιλέως μητρὸς καὶ τὸν νόμον εἰς ἔργον ἄγειν κατεπειγούσης, ἀγγέλλεται δόλῳ ᾿Ανδραγαθίου, ὃς στρατηγὸς ἦν Μαξίμου, Γρατιανὸν ἀνῃρῆσθαι. ἐφ' ἁρμαμάξης γὰρ βασιλικῆς ὀχούμενος ἀπεκρύβη, καὶ ὡς τοῦ βασιλέως εἴη γαμετὴ τοῖς ἡγουμένοις ἀγγέλλειν 7.13. ἐκέλευεν. ἀπερισκέπτως δὲ Γρατιανὸς διαβὰς τὸν τῇδε ποταμόν, ὡς ἔναγχος γήμας καὶ νέος ὢν καὶ ἐρωτικῶς περὶ τὴν γυναῖκα διατεθείς, ὑπὸ προθυμίας τοῦ θεάσασθαι αὐτὴν μηδὲν προϊδόμενος εἰς τὰς ᾿Ανδραγαθίου ἐνέπεσε χεῖρας. καὶ συλληφθεὶς οὐκ εἰς μακρὰν ἀνῃρέθη, ἔτη μὲν ἀμφὶ τὰ εἰκοσιτέσσαρα γεγονώς, δέκα δὲ καὶ πέντε βασιλεύσας. ὡς ἐπιγενομένης δὲ τοσαύτης συμφορᾶς ἐπαύσατο ᾿Ιουστίνα τῆς κατὰ ᾿Αμβροσίου ὀργῆς. 7.13.10 ἐν τούτῳ δὲ Μάξιμος πλείστην ἀγείρας στρατιὰν Βρεττανῶν ἀνδρῶν καὶ τῶν ὁμόρων Γαλατῶν καὶ Κελτῶν καὶ τῶν τῇδε ἐθνῶν ἐπὶ τὴν ᾿Ιταλίαν ᾔει, πρόφασιν μὲν ὡς οὐκ