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times of Maccabeus and Simon his brother. Ptolemy Euergetes ruled Egypt, and Alexander, called Balas, son of Antiochus Epiphanes, ruled Syria and Asia Minor. The best of the Romans were in power; there were other generals, but above all Scipio the Younger, grandson of Scipio Africanus, who waged the third and final war against the Carthaginians in Libya and valiantly 354 conquered with his arms, destroying Carthage 640 years—or according to others, 748 years—after its foundation. Then two Roman generals were defeated; one was killed, and the other was taken alive and sent to Rome with many captives. And Scipio himself, having set out *** of those who traced their lineage from them still ruling from the time of Alexander Egypt and Syria and Asia, and sometimes in part also Babylonia, with the Macedonian dynasty having been appointed tributary to the Romans, as has been shown a little before. Micipsas, king of Numidia and an ally of the Romans, died. His illegitimate son, called Jugurtha, by deceit killed his legitimate children and seized the rule. At this, the Romans were enraged and campaigned first through Marius the consul, who prevailed strongly in battle, with Jugurtha fleeing, then through Metellus, and this man of consular rank also distinguished himself bravely, and finally through Sulla, who captured Jugurtha himself alive and triumphed over him, who was led in chains before his chariot in Rome during his consulship, which was in the 165th Olympiad. Antiochus Cyzicenus reigned as the 16th king of Syria and Asia for 11 years. And it was the year of the world 5386.

YEARS OF THE WORLD Jannaeus, also called Alexander, served as the 20th high priest of the Jews for 30 years.

And it was the year of the world 5397. Jannaeus killed his remaining brothers and relatives, leaving no one of his family. For this reason also all the cities of the Jews revolted from him, which he won back through Cleopatra, Alexander's mother, with the Egyptians as his allies. Jannaeus was very sharp, insolent, and most savage. Those who flattered him called him Alexander on account of the sharpness and unhindered nature of his mind, but those who hated him called him Thracidas, as being most unjust. 355 In these times Cleopatra Salene, having lost her children, decided to reign by herself, having two Jewish guardians, Ananias and Chelkias, who administered all her affairs. Through them Jannaeus, having been befriended by her, had the Egyptians as allies against Palestine, and he destroyed the cities of the revolting Jews and slaughtered his countrymen unsparingly, down to women and children, beginning from the cities beyond the Jordan and having captured Heshbon, he attacked Ammonitis and Moabitis, Dora, Pella near Arabia, Gadara by the hot springs, Abila, Hippos, Lian, Philoteria, colonies of the Macedonians, and Basan, now Scythopolis, Mallean Samaria, Mount Tabor, Gabaan. Jannaeus, also called Alexander, waging war against Antiochus, the son of Grypus, also called Dionysus, was victorious. He attacked the land of the Tyrians and besieged the island. Having experienced a rebellion of the Nabataeans and Ituraeans, he sent Digaion, a Galilean general, against the Nabataeans. But as he himself was preparing for war against the Ituraeans, he died after reigning 30 years, having entrusted the rule to his wife Salina, who had two sons by him, Hyrcanus and Aristobulus. From this point the affairs of the Jews were thrown into confusion.

Salina, also called Alexandra, reigned as the 21st over the Jews for 9 years.

And it was the year of the world 5427. Alexandra, also called Salina, being in every way lacking the cruelty of her husband Jannaeus, also called Alexander, having won over the Jewish nation by her good will because of her reputation for piety and her right faith toward the divine and her exactness concerning the ancestral laws, reigned with stability for 9 years. The party of the Pharisees loved her, as of the other two,

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Μακκαβαίου χρόνους καὶ Σί μωνος τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ αὐτοῦ. Αἰγύπτου μὲν Πτολεμαῖος ὁ Εὐεργέτης, Συρίας δὲ καὶ τῆς μικρᾶς Ἀσίας Ἀλέξανδρος ὁ τοῦ Βαλλᾶ λεγόμενος, υἱὸς Ἀντιόχου τοῦ ἘπιφανοῦςῬωμαίων δὲ ἄριστοι ἐκράτουν· καὶ ἄλλοι μὲν στρατηγοί, πάντων δὲ μᾶλ λον Σκηπίων ὁ νέος ἔκγονος τοῦ Ἀφρικανοῦ Σκηπίωνος, ὃς καὶ Καρχηδο νίοις τοῖς κατὰ Λιβύην τὸν τρίτον ἐπιστήσας καὶ τελευταῖον πόλεμον γεν 354 ναίως τοῖς ὅπλοις ἐκράτησε, μετὰ χμʹ ἔτη, καθ' ἑτέρους δὲ ψμηʹ τῆς οἰκο δομῆς τὴν Καρχηδόνα καταστρεψάμενος. τότε δύο στρατηγοὶ Ῥωμαίων ἡττηθέντες εἷς μὲν ἀνῃρέθη, θάτερος δὲ ζωγρηθεὶς εἰς Ῥώμην ἐστάλη σὺν αἰχμαλώτοις πολλοῖς, αὐτός τε ἀναζεύξας Σκηπίων *** τῶν ἐξ αὐ τῶν καταγόντων τὸ γένος ἔτι κρατούντων ἀπὸ τῶν Ἀλεξάνδρου χρόνων Αἰγύπτου καὶ Συρίας καὶ Ἀσίας, ἐν μέρει δὲ ἔστιν ὅτε καὶ Βαβυλωνίας, τῆς Μακεδόνων δυναστείας ὑποφόρου Ῥωμαίοις ταχθείσης, ὡς πρὸ βρα χέος δεδήλωται. Μικίψας Νουμηδείας βασιλεὺς καὶ Ῥωμαίων σύμμαχος τέθνηκεν, οὗ νόθος παῖς Ἰουγόρθας λεγόμενος δόλῳ τοὺς ἐκείνου γνησίους ἀνελὼν παῖδας χειροῦται τὴν ἀρχήν. ἐφ' ᾧ Ῥωμαῖοι δεινοπαθήσαντες διὰ Μαρί ου πρῶτον ὑπάτου στρατεύουσιν ἰσχυρῶς τῇ μάχῃ κρατήσαντος, τοῦ Ἰουγόρθα φεύγοντος, ἔπειτα διὰ Μετέλλου, καὶ τούτου ὑπατικοῦ γενναίως εὐδοκιμήσαντος, τελευταῖον δὲ διὰ Σύλλα, τοῦ καὶ αὐτὸν Ἰουγόρθαν ζῶντα χειρωσαμένου καὶ θριαμβεύσαντος ἐπ' αὐτῷ πρὸ τοῦ ἅρματος ἐν Ῥώμῃ κατὰ τὴν αὐτοῦ ὑπατείαν ἀγομένῳ δεσμίῳ, ἥτις ἦν ὀλυμπιάδι ρξεʹ. Συρίας καὶ Ἀσίας ιςʹ ἐβασίλευσεν Ἀντίοχος ὁ Κυζίκιος ἔτη ιαʹ. τοῦ δὲ κόσμου ἦν ἔτος ετπςʹ.

ΚΟΣΜΟΥ ΕΤΗ Ἰουδαίων κʹ ἀρχιεράτευσεν Ἰανναῖος ὁ καὶ Ἀλέξανδρος ἔτη λʹ.

τοῦ δὲ κόσμου ἦν ἔτος ετζζʹ. Ἰανναῖος τοὺς λοιποὺς ἀδελφοὺς καὶ συγγενεῖς ἀνεῖλε, μηδένα τοῦ γέ νους ὑπολειψάμενος. διὰ τοῦτο καὶ πᾶσαι αἱ πόλεις Ἰουδαίων ἀπέστησαν ἀπ' αὐτοῦ, ἃς διὰ Κλεοπάτρας μητρὸς Ἀλεξάνδρου ἐπέστρεψε, συμμαχούν των Αἰγυπτίων αὐτῷ. Ἰανναῖος ὀξὺς καὶ ὑβριστὴς καὶ ἀγριώτατος ἦν σφόδρα. τοῦτον οἱ κο λακεύοντες Ἀλέξανδρον ἔλεγον διὰ τὸ τῆς γνώμης ὀξὺ καὶ ἀνεμπόδιστον, οἱ δὲ μισοῦντες Θρᾳκιδᾶν ὡς ἀδικώτατον. 355 Κατὰ τούτους τοὺς χρόνους Κλεοπάτρα Σαλήνη τοὺς παῖδας ἀποβαλοῦ σα καθ' ἑαυτὴν ἔδοξε βασιλεύειν, ἐπιτρόπους ἔχουσα δύο τῶν Ἰουδαίων Ἀνανίαν καὶ Χελκίαν, πάντα τὰ κατ' αὐτὴν διοικοῦντας, δι' ὧν Ἰανναῖος φιλωθεὶς αὐτῇ συμμάχους Αἰγυπτίους ἔσχε κατὰ Παλαιστίνης, καὶ τῶν ἀποστατησάντων Ἰουδαίων τὰς πόλεις ἀφανίζων καὶ τοὺς ὁμογενεῖς ἀφει δῶς ἀποσφάττων μέχρι γυναικῶν καὶ παίδων, ἀρξάμενος ἀπὸ τῶν πέραν Ἰορδάνου πόλεων καὶ Ἐσεβοῦντα καταλαβόμενος, Ἀμμανῖτιν τε καὶ Μωαβῖτιν ἐπελθών, ∆ῶραν, τὴν πρὸς τοῖς Ἄραψι Πέλλαν, Γάδαρα τὴν πρὸς θερμοῖς ὕδασιν, Ἄβιλαν, Ἵππον, Λίαν, Φιλοτερίαν, Μακεδόνων ἀποικίας, καὶ Βασὰν τὴν νῦν Σκυθόπολιν, Μαλλέαν Σαμαρείας, Θαβὼρ ὄρος, Γαβαάν. Ἰανναῖος ὁ καὶ Ἀλέξανδρος πόλεμον ἐξάγων πρὸς Ἀντίοχον τὸν παῖδα τοῦ Γρυποῦ τὸν καὶ ∆ιόνυσον ἐνίκησεν. Οὗτος τὴν Τυρίων γῆν ἐπελθὼν ἐπολιόρκει τὴν νῆσον. ἐπαναστάσεως δὲ πειραθεὶς Ναβαταίων καὶ Ἰτουραίων ∆ίγαιον στρατηγὸν ἔπεμψε Γα λιλαῖον κατὰ Ναβαταίων. αὐτὸς δὲ κατὰ τῶν Ἰτουραίων εἰς πόλεμον ἑτοι μαζόμενος θνήσκει βασιλεύσας ἔτη λʹ, Σαλίνῃ γαμετῇ τὴν ἀρχὴν ἐγχει ρίσας, ὄντων αὐτῇ δύο παίδων ἐξ αὐτοῦ Ὑρκανοῦ καὶ Ἀριστοβούλου. ἐντεῦθεν δὲ τὰ Ἰουδαίων συγκέχυνται. Ἰουδαίων καʹ ἐβασίλευσε Σαλίνα ἡ καὶ Ἀλεξάνδρα ἔτη θʹ. τοῦ δὲ κό σμου ἦν ἔτος ευκζʹ. Ἀλεξάνδρα ἡ καὶ Σαλίνα πάντη τῆς ὠμότητος ἀποδέουσα τοῦ ἀνδρὸς Ἰανναίου τοῦ καὶ Ἀλεξάνδρου, τὸ Ἰουδαίων ἔθνος ταῖς χρησταῖς εὐνοίαιςκερδήσασα διὰ δόξαν εὐσεβείας καὶ τὴν πρὸς τὸ θεῖον ὀρθὴν πίστιν καὶ περὶ τοὺς πατρίους νόμους ἀκρίβειαν, εὐσταθῶς βασιλεύσασα ἔτη θʹ. ταύ την τὸ Φαρισαϊκὸν ἠγάπα σύστημα, ὡς τῶν ἄλλων δύο,