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to God; but for now I say these things, let us cut off superfluous oaths, those simply and without necessity, those in the house, those concerning friends, those concerning servants; and if you should abolish these, you will have no further need of me in those others; for the mouth itself, having practiced to fear and to flee oaths, not even if someone should compel it ten thousand times, will henceforth consent to fall into that habit. It is said that a certain one of the pagan orators, from some irrational habit, would constantly move his right shoulder while walking; but nevertheless he overcame the habit, and having sharpened knives on both sides he placed them on his shoulders, so that by the fear of being cut he might discipline the moving limb. Do this also for your tongue, and instead of a knife place upon it the fear of punishment; and you will certainly overcome. For it is impossible, impossible for those who are careful and zealous, and who make this their work, ever to be defeated. 63.774 For what defense will be left for us, or what excuse, when after so much exhortation, we persist in the evils of oaths? How then shall we ask for deliverance from the terrible things that possess us, when we have not been able to fulfill one commandment? And how shall we expect a favorable change? And how shall we pray? With what tongue shall we call upon God? For how is it not absurd, when a king commands, to bear even the most difficult things; but when God legislates nothing harsh nor difficult, to be contemptuous, and to put forward a wicked habit as an excuse? Do not, I beseech you, do not let us be so contemptuous of our own salvation; let us fear God as we fear man. For it is absurd to keep the royal laws with precision, but to despise irrationally the divine laws that have come down from heaven. For why does God destroy with the sickle not only the one who swore, but also his house? Because God wills the punishments for the most grievous sins to remain perpetual, so that all those who come after may be disciplined. For it is necessary for the perjurer, once dead, to be buried, and to be delivered to the bosom of the earth. Therefore, so that his wickedness might not be buried with his body, He made his house a ruin, for the sake of all who pass by seeing it, and learning the cause of the destruction, to flee the imitation of the sin. This also happened in the case of Sodom; for since they were inflamed in their lust for one another, the very nature of the land was burned up, and the sight of the land, more clearly than any voice, admonishes all subsequent generations, all but crying out and saying: Do not do such things, that you may not suffer such things. What are you doing, O man? You administer an oath at the holy table, and where Christ lies sacrificed, there you slay your brother? And robbers indeed sacrifice on the roads; but you slay the son in front of his mother, working a more accursed murder than Cain? for he sacrificed his brother in the wilderness unto the present death; but you sacrifice your brother in the midst of the church unto the death to come? For has the church come into being for this purpose, that we might swear? for this purpose it has come into being, that we might pray. For has the holy table been set up for this purpose, that we might administer oaths? for this purpose it has been set up, that we might loose our sins, not that we might bind them. But you, if nothing else, at least reverence the book which you hold out for an oath, and the Gospel, which taking in your hands you command him to swear by, unroll it and when you have heard what Christ there commands concerning oaths, shudder and desist. What then does He say there concerning oaths? But I say to you, do not swear at all; and do you make the law that forbids swearing, this very oath? O, the insolence! O, the lawlessness! For you are doing the same thing, as if someone, taking the lawgiver who forbids murder as an ally, should command him to become a slayer. Therefore, just as when a fight has occurred, we often bear insults nobly, and say to the one insulting us: What can I do to you? so-and-so, your patron, has vexed me; he holds my hands; and this is sufficient for consolation; so also, when you are about to make someone swear, restrain and prevent yourself, and say to the one about to swear: What can I do to you? because God has commanded

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Θεῷ· πλὴν ἐκεῖνα λέγω τέως, τοὺς περιττοὺς περικόψωμεν ὅρκους, τοὺς ἁπλῶς καὶ χωρὶς ἀνάγκης, τοὺς ἐπὶ τῆς οἰκίας, τοὺς ἐπὶ τῶν φίλων, τοὺς ἐπὶ τῶν οἰκετῶν· κἂν τούτους ἀνέλῃς, ἐν ἐκείνοις οὐδὲν ἐμοῦ δεήσῃ λοιπόν· αὐτὸ γὰρ τὸ στόμα μελετῆσαν δεδοικέναι καὶ φεύγειν τοὺς ὅρκους, οὐδ' ἂν μυριάκις ἀναγκάσῃ τις, καταδέξεται λοιπὸν εἰς ἐκείνην ἐμπεσεῖν τὴν συνήθειαν. Λέγεταί τις τῶν ἔξωθεν ῥητόρων ὑπό τινος συνηθείας ἀλόγου τὸν δεξιὸν συνεχῶς ὦμον κινεῖν βαδίζων· ἀλλ' ὅμως περιεγένετο τῆς συνηθείας, καὶ μαχαίρας ἀκονήσας ἑκατέρωθεν ἐπέθηκε τοῖς ὤμοις, ὥστε τῷ φόβῳ τῆς τομῆς σωφρονίσαι τὸ μέλος κινούμενον. Τοῦτο καὶ σὺ ποίησον ἐπὶ τῆς γλώττης, καὶ ἀντὶ μαχαίρας ἐπίθες αὐτῇ τὸν φόβον τῆς κολάσεως· καὶ περιέσῃ πάντως. Ἀμήχανον γὰρ, ἀμήχανον μεριμνῶντας καὶ σπουδάζοντας, καὶ ἔργον τοῦτο ποιουμένους ἡττηθῆναί 63.774 ποτε. Ποία γὰρ ἡμῖν ἀπολογία λοιπὸν ἔσται, τίς δὲ συγγνώμη, ὅταν μετὰ τοσαύτην παραίνεσιν, τοῖς ἐπὶ τῶν ὅρκων κακοῖς ἐπιμένωμεν; πῶς οὖν αἰτησόμεθα ἀπαλλαγὴν τῶν κατεχόντων ἡμᾶς δεινῶν, μίαν ἐντολὴν ἀνῦσαι μὴ δυνηθέντες; Πῶς δὲ προσδοκήσομεν τὴν χρηστὴν μεταβολήν; πῶς δὲ εὐξόμεθα; ποίᾳ γλώττῃ τὸν Θεὸν καλέσομεν; Πῶς γὰρ οὐκ ἄτοπον, βασιλέως μὲν ἐπιτάττοντος, καὶ τὰ χαλεπώτατα φέρειν· Θεοῦ δὲ νομοθετοῦντος οὐδὲν χαλεπὸν οὐδὲ δύσκολον, καταφρονεῖν, καὶ συνήθειαν πονηρὰν προβάλλεσθαι; Μὴ, παρακαλῶ, μὴ μέχρι τοσούτου τῆς ἑαυτῶν καταφρονῶμεν σωτηρίας· φοβηθῶμεν τὸν Θεὸν ὡς φοβούμεθα ἄνθρωπον. Ἄτοπον γὰρ τοὺς βασιλικοὺς νόμους μετὰ ἀκριβείας φυλάττειν, τοὺς δὲ θείους καὶ ἐκ τῶν οὐρανῶν καταβάντας ἀλόγως καταφρονεῖν. Τίνος γὰρ ἕνεκεν ὁ Θεὸς οὐ τὸν ὀμόσαντα μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ τὴν οἰκίαν αὐτοῦ τῇ δρεπάνῃ καταλύει; Ὅτι τῶν χαλεπωτάτων ἁμαρτημάτων τὰς τιμωρίας βούλεται μένειν ὁ Θεὸς διηνεκεῖς, ὥστε τοὺς μετὰ ταῦτα σωφρονίζεσθαι πάντας. Καὶ γὰρ τὸν ἐπίορκον ἀποθανόντα ἀνάγκη ταφῆναι, καὶ τοῖς κόλποις παραδοθῆναι τῆς γῆς. Ὥστε οὖν μὴ τῷ σώματι καὶ τὴν πονηρίαν αὐτῷ συνταφῆναι, τὴν οἰκίαν ἐποίησε χῶμα, ὑπὲρ τοῦ τοὺς παριόντας ἅπαντας ὁρῶντας αὐτῶν, καὶ τὴν αἰτίαν μανθάνοντας τῆς καταστροφῆς, φεύγειν τὴν τῆς ἁμαρτίας μίμησιν. Τοῦτο καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν Σοδόμων ἐγένετο· ἐπειδὴ γὰρ ἐξεκαύθησαν ἐν τῇ ὀρέξει αὐτῶν εἰς ἀλλήλους, ἐξεκαύθη καὶ ἡ τῆς γῆς φύσις, καὶ φωνῆς ἁπάσης λαμπρότερον πάσαις ταῖς μετὰ ταῦτα παραινεῖ γενεαῖς ἡ τῆς γῆς ὄψις, μονονουχὶ βοῶσα καὶ λέγουσα· Μὴ ποιεῖτε τοιαῦτα, ἵνα μὴ πάθητε τοιαῦτα. Τί ποιεῖς, ἄνθρωπε; ἐπὶ τραπέζης ὁρκίζεις ἱερᾶς, καὶ ἔνθα ὁ Χριστὸς κεῖται τεθυμένος, ἐκεῖ τὸν ἀδελφὸν καταθύεις τὸν σόν; Καὶ οἱ μὲν λῃσταὶ ἐπὶ τῶν ὁδῶν θύουσι· σὺ δὲ ἔμπροσθεν τῆς μητρὸς τὸν υἱὸν καταθύεις, ἐναγέστερον τοῦ Κάϊν ἐργαζόμενος φόνον; ἐκεῖνος μὲν γὰρ ἔθυσε τὸν ἀδελφὸν ἐπὶ τῆς ἐρημίας κατὰ τὸν παρόντα θάνατον· σὺ δὲ θύεις τὸν ἀδελφὸν ἐν μέσῳ τῆς ἐκκλησίας κατὰ τὸν μέλλοντα θάνατον; Μὴ γὰρ ἐκκλησία διὰ τοῦτο γέγονεν, ἵνα ὀμνύωμεν; διὰ τοῦτο γέγονεν, ἵνα εὐχώμεθα. Μὴ γὰρ τράπεζα διὰ τοῦτο ἕστηκεν ἱερὰ, ἵνα ὁρκίζωμεν; διὰ τοῦτο ἕστηκεν, ἵνα τὰ ἁμαρτήματα ἡμῶν λύωμεν, οὐχ ἵνα δεσμῶμεν. Σὺ δὲ, εἰ μηδὲν ἕτερον, αὐτὸ γοῦν τὸ βιβλίον αἰδέσθητι, ὃ προτείνεις εἰς ὅρκον, καὶ τὸ Εὐαγγέλιον, ὃ μετὰ χεῖρας λαμβάνων κελεύεις ὀμνύναι, ἀναπτύξας καὶ ἀκούσας τί περὶ ὅρκων ὁ Χριστὸς ἐκεῖ διακελεύεται, φρίξον καὶ ἀπόστηθι. Τί οὖν ἐκεῖ περὶ ὅρκων φησίν; Ἐγὼ δὲ λέγω ὑμῖν μὴ ὀμόσαι ὅλως· σὺ δὲ τὸν νόμον τὸν κωλύοντα ὀμνύναι, τοῦτον ὅρκον ποιεῖς; Ὢ τῆς ὕβρεως! ὢ τῆς παρανομίας! ταὐτὸν γὰρ ποιεῖς, ὥσπερ ἂν εἴ τις τὸν νομοθέτην τὸν κωλύοντα φονεύειν, αὐτὸν σύμμαχον λαβὼν κελεύει σφαγέα γενέσθαι. Καθάπερ οὖν μάχης γενομένης, πολλάκις ὑβριζόμενοι φέρομεν γενναίως, καὶ πρὸς τὸν ὑβρίζοντα λέγομεν· Τί σοι ποιήσω; ὁ δεῖνά με ἐλύπησεν ὁ προστάτης ὁ σός· ἐκεῖνός μου κατέχει τὰς χεῖρας· καὶ ἀρκεῖ τοῦτο εἰς παραμυθίαν· οὕτω καὶ, ἐπειδὰν μέλλῃς τινὰ ὁρκίζειν, ἔπεχε σαυτὸν καὶ κώλυσον, καὶ εἰπὲ πρὸς τὸν μέλλοντα ὀμνύναι· Τί σοι ποιήσω; ὅτι ὁ Θεὸς ἐκέλευσε