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will endure what is useless and harmful. So also with the divine Scriptures, those who do not know their sequence, nor examine its peculiarities and its laws, but approach everything simply and in one manner, mixing gold with earth, will never find the treasure that lies hidden within it. I have said these things now, because the passage before us contains much gold, yet it is not manifest, but buried from above under much obscurity. Therefore it is necessary to dig and clear away to come to the genuine meanings. For who would not be immediately disturbed on hearing Christ say: ‘If I testify about myself, my testimony is not true’? For in many places He appears to have testified to Himself; at least, when speaking with the Samaritan woman, He said, ‘I who speak to you am He’; and likewise to the blind man, ‘He who speaks with you, that is He’; and rebuking the Jews, ‘You say, "You blaspheme," because I said, "I am the Son of God."’ And elsewhere He does this in many places. If, then, all these things are false, what hope of salvation will there be for us? And where shall we find the truth, when Truth itself says, ‘My testimony is not true’? This does not seem to be the only contradiction, but also another no less than this one. For going on He says: ‘And if I testify about myself, my testimony is true.’ Which, then, tell me, shall I accept? And which shall I consider to be false? For if we were to take it simply as it is said, not examining the person, nor the cause, nor anything else of the sort, both will be false. For if His testimony is not true, then this statement itself is not true; not only the second, but also the first. What then is the meaning of what was said? We need much watchfulness, or rather the grace of God, so that we may not remain in the bare words. For in this way also the heretics are led astray, because they examine neither the purpose of the one speaking, nor the disposition of the hearers. If, then, we do not add these things, and others, such as times, and places, and the mind of the hearer, many absurdities will follow. What then is the meaning of what was said? The Jews were about to object to Him: ‘If you testify about yourself, your testimony is not true.’ For this reason He anticipated and said this, as if He were saying: ‘You will certainly say to me, "We do not believe you"; for no one testifying to himself is ever credible among men.’ Therefore, the phrase ‘is not true’ should not be read simply, but in relation to their suspicion, as in, ‘to you it is not true.’ He uttered these things, therefore, not with respect to His own dignity, but with respect to their suspicion. And when He says, ‘My testimony is not true,’ He is refuting their opinion, and the objection about to be brought against Him by them. But when He says, ‘Even if I testify about myself, my testimony is true,’ He shows the very nature of the matter, that as God He ought to be considered credible even when speaking about Himself. For since He had spoken of the resurrection of the dead and of judgment, and that he who believes in Him is not judged, but comes to life, and that He will sit to demand an account from all, and that He has the same authority and power as the Father; being about to establish all these things again in another way, He necessarily placed their objection first. 59.230 I said, He says, that ‘Just as the Father raises the dead and gives them life, so also the Son gives life to whom He will’; I said, that ‘The Father judges no one, but has given all judgment to the Son’; I said, that ‘men should honor the Son, as they honor the Father’; I said, that ‘He who does not honor the Son, does not honor the Father either’; I said, that ‘He who hears my words, and believes, will not see death, but has passed from death to life’; I said, that ‘my voice will raise the dead, some now, others after this’; I said, that ‘I will demand an account from all for what they have done amiss’; I said, that ‘I will judge justly and will reward those who do right.’ Since, then, all these things were a declaration, and the things spoken were great, but a clear proof had not yet been given to them, but a fainter one; He first places the objection, being about to proceed to the establishment of what had been said, speaking somehow thus, even if not

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ἀνόνητον ὑπομενεῖ καὶ ἐπιβλαβῆ. Οὕτω καὶ τῶν θείων Γραφῶν οἱ τὴν ἀκολουθίαν οὐκ εἰδότες, οὐδὲ τὰ ἰδιώματα καὶ τοὺς νόμους αὐτῆς ἐξετάζοντες, ἀλλὰ ἁπλῶς καὶ ἑνὶ τρόπῳ πάντα ἐπιόντες, χρυσίον μετὰ γῆς φύροντες, οὐδέποτε τὸν ἐναποκείμενον αὐτῇ θησαυρὸν εὑρήσουσι. Ταῦτα δὲ εἶπον νῦν, ἐπειδὴ τὸ προκείμενον ἡμῖν χωρίον ἔχει μὲν πολὺν τὸν χρυσὸν, οὐ μὴν κατάδηλον, ἀλλὰ πολλῇ κατακεχωσμένον ἄνωθεν ἀσαφείᾳ. ∆ιὸ χρὴ διασκάπτοντας καὶ διακαθαίροντας ἐπὶ τὰ γνήσια τῶν νοημάτων ἐλθεῖν. Τίς γὰρ οὐκ ἂν εὐθέως θορυβηθείη ἀκούων τοῦ Χριστοῦ λέγοντος· Ἐὰν ἐγὼ μαρτυρῶ περὶ ἐμαυτοῦ, ἡ μαρτυρία μου οὐκ ἔστιν ἀληθής; Καὶ γὰρ πολλαχοῦ φαίνεται μαρτυρήσας ἑαυτῷ· τῇ γοῦν Σαμαρείτιδι διαλεγόμενος ἔλεγεν, Ἐγώ εἰμι ὁ λαλῶν σοι· καὶ τῷ τυφλῷ ὁμοίως, Ὁ λαλῶν μετὰ σοῦ, ἐκεῖνός ἐστι· καὶ τοῖς Ἰουδαίοις ἐπιτιμῶν, Ὑμεῖς λέγετε, ὅτι Βλασφημεῖς, ὅτι εἶπον, Υἱὸς τοῦ Θεοῦ εἰμι. Καὶ ἑτέρωθι δὲ πολλαχοῦ τοῦτο ποιεῖ. Ἂν οὖν ἅπαντα ταῦτα ψευδῆ ᾖ, τίς ἡμῖν ἔσται σωτηρίας ἐλπίς; Πόθεν δὲ τὴν ἀλήθειαν εὑρήσομεν, ὅταν αὐτὴ ἡ ἀλήθεια λέγῃ, ὅτι Οὐκ ἔστιν ἡ μαρτυρία μου ἀληθής; Οὐ τοῦτο δὲ δοκεῖ τὸ ἐναντίωμα εἶναι μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἕτερον οὐκ ἔλαττον τούτου. Προϊὼν γάρ φησι· Καὶ ἐὰν ἐγὼ μαρτυρῶ περὶ ἐμαυτοῦ, ἡ μαρτυρία μου ἀληθής ἐστι. Ποῖον οὖν, εἰπέ μοι, δέξομαι; ποῖον δὲ εἶναι νομίσω ψεῦδος; Εἰ γὰρ οὕτως ἐκλάβοιμεν ἁπλῶς ὡς εἴρηται, μὴ πρόσωπον περιεργασάμενοι, μὴ αἰτίαν, μὴ ἄλλο τι τῶν τοιούτων οὐδὲν, ἀμφότερα ἔσται ψευδῆ. Εἰ γὰρ ἡ μαρτυρία αὐτοῦ οὐκ ἔστιν ἀληθὴς, οὐδὲ τοῦτο αὐτὸ ἀληθές· οὐ τὸ δεύτερον μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ τὸ πρότερον. Τί οὖν ἐστι τὸ εἰρημένον; Πολλῆς ἡμῖν δεῖ τῆς ἀγρυπνίας, μᾶλλον δὲ τῆς τοῦ Θεοῦ χάριτος, ἵνα μὴ τοῖς ῥήμασιν ἐναπομείνωμεν ψιλοῖς. Οὕτω γὰρ καὶ οἱ αἱρετικοὶ πλανῶνται, ὅτι μήτε τὸν σκοπὸν ἐξετάζουσι τοῦ λέγοντος, μήτε τὴν ἕξιν τῶν ἀκουόντων. Ἂν οὖν μὴ ταῦτα προσθῶμεν, καὶ ἕτερα δὲ, οἷον καιροὺς, καὶ τόπους, καὶ γνώμην ἀκροατοῦ, πολλὰ ἕψεται τὰ ἄτοπα. Τί οὖν ἐστι τὸ εἰρημένον; Ἔμελλον ὑποφέρειν αὐτῷ οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι· Ἐὰν σὺ μαρτυρῇς περὶ σεαυτοῦ, ἡ μαρτυρία σου οὐκ ἔστιν ἀληθής. ∆ιὰ τοῦτο ταῦτα προλαβὼν εἶπεν, ὡσανεὶ ἔλεγε· Πάντως ἐρεῖτέ μοι, ὅτι Σοὶ οὐ πιστεύομεν· οὐδεὶς γάρ ποτε ἑαυτῷ μαρτυρῶν ἀξιόπιστός ἐστιν ἐν ἀνθρώποις. Τὸ οὖν, Οὐκ ἔστιν ἀληθὴς, οὐχ ἁπλῶς ἀναγνωστέον, ἀλλὰ πρὸς τὴν ἐκείνων ὑπόνοιαν, οἷον, ὅτι Ὑμῖν οὐκ ἔστιν ἀληθής. Οὐ τοίνυν πρὸς τὴν ἀξίαν τὴν αὐτοῦ, ἀλλὰ πρὸς τὴν ὑπόνοιαν τὴν ἐκείνων ἐφθέγγετο ταῦτα. Καὶ ὅταν μὲν λέγῃ, Ἡ μαρτυρία μου οὐκ ἔστιν ἀληθὴς, τὴν γνώμην ἐλέγχει τὴν ἐκείνων, καὶ τὴν μέλλουσαν αὐτῷ παρ' ἐκείνων ἀντίθεσιν ἐπάγεσθαι. Ὅταν δὲ, ὅτι Κἂν ἐγὼ περὶ ἐμαυτοῦ μαρτυρῶ, ἀληθής ἐστιν ἡ μαρτυρία μου, αὐτὴν δείκνυσι τοῦ πράγματος τὴν φύσιν, ὅτι ὡς Θεὸν ἀξιόπιστον αὐτὸν ἔδει νομίζειν καὶ περὶ ἑαυτοῦ λέγοντα. Ἐπειδὴ γὰρ εἶπεν ἀνάστασιν νεκρῶν καὶ κρίσιν, καὶ ὅτι ὁ πιστεύων αὐτῷ οὐ κρίνεται, ἀλλ' εἰς ζωὴν ἔρχεται, καὶ ὅτι καθεδεῖται πάντας εὐθύνας ἀπαιτήσων, καὶ ὅτι τὴν αὐτὴν ἐξουσίαν ἔχοι τῷ Πατρὶ καὶ δύναμιν· μέλλων πάλιν ἅπαντα ταῦτα κατασκευάζειν καὶ ἑτέρως, ἀναγκαίως τὴν ἀντίθεσιν αὐτῶν τέθεικε πρώτην. 59.230 Εἶπον, φησὶν, ὅτι Ὥσπερ ὁ Πατὴρ ἐγείρει τοὺς νεκροὺς καὶ ζωοποιεῖ, οὕτω καὶ ὁ Υἱὸς οὓς θέλει ζωοποιεῖ· εἶπον, ὅτι Ὁ Πατὴρ οὐδένα κρίνει, ἀλλὰ πᾶσαν τὴν κρίσιν δέδωκε τῷ Υἱῷ· εἶπον, ὅτι δεῖ τιμᾷν τὸν Υἱὸν, ὡς τὸν Πατέρα· εἶπον, ὅτι Ὁ μὴ τιμῶν τὸν Υἱὸν, οὐδὲ τὸν Πατέρα τιμᾷ· εἶπον, ὅτι Ὁ ἀκούων μου τοὺς λόγους, καὶ πιστεύων, οὐκ ὄψεται θάνατον, ἀλλὰ μεταβέβηκεν ἐκ τοῦ θανάτου εἰς τὴν ζωήν· εἶπον, ὅτι ἡ φωνή μου τοὺς νεκροὺς ἀναστήσει, τοὺς μὲν νῦν, τοὺς δὲ μετὰ ταῦτα· εἶπον, ὅτι ἀπαιτήσω λόγον τῶν πεπλημμελημένων ἅπαντας· εἶπον, ὅτι δικαίως κρινῶ καὶ ἀμείψομαι τοὺς κατορθοῦντας. Ἐπεὶ οὖν ἅπαντα ταῦτα ἀπόφασις ἦν, καὶ τὰ μὲν λεγόμενα μεγάλα, ἀπόδειξις δὲ οὐκ ἦν οὐδέπω εἰρημένη σαφὴς ἐκείνοις, ἀλλ' ἀμυδροτέρα· πρότερον τὴν ἀντίθεσιν τίθησι, μέλλων ἐπὶ τὴν κατασκευὴν τῶν εἰρημένων ὁρμᾷν, οὑτωσί πως λέγων, εἰ καὶ μὴ