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a refugee from Syria to the Romans, having prepared sea fire, set fire to the Arabs’ ships and burned them and their crews together. And so the Romans returned with victory and discovered the sea fire. Constantine, bishop of Constantinople, for 2 years. 2. 19. 1. In this year Abdellas, son of Kais, and Phadalas wintered in Crete. 7. 20. 2. In this year a sign appeared in the sky on a Saturday. Theodore, bishop of Constantinople, for 2 years. 8. 21. 1. In this year there was a great plague of locusts in Syria and Mesopotamia. 355 Year of the world 169. Year of the divine incarnation 669. Constantine, emperor of the Romans, for 17 years. 9. Mu'awiya, chief of the Arabs, for 24 years. 22. Theodore, bishop of Constantinople, for 2 years. 2. In this year the Mardaites entered Lebanon and took control from the Black Mountain to the holy city and subjugated the heights of Lebanon; and many slaves and captives and natives fled to them, so that in a short time they grew to many thousands. and when Mu'awiya and his counselors learned these things, they became greatly afraid, reasoning that the empire of the Romans is guarded by God. And he sends ambassadors to the emperor Constantine seeking peace, promising also to provide annual tribute to the emperor. And the emperor, receiving such ambassadors and hearing their request, sent with them to Syria John the patrician, surnamed Pitzigaudes, as one of noble birth in the state, and very experienced and possessing great prudence, to confer appropriately with the Arabs and to agree upon the terms of peace. And when he arrived in Syria, Mu'awiya, having assembled a crowd of both amirs and Koraishites, received him with great honor. And so, after many peaceful words were spoken between them, it was agreed by both sides that a written treaty of peace with an oath be made on the basis of an agreed annual tribute, to be provided to the Roman state by the Hagarenes: three thousand of gold and fifty male captives and fifty noble horses. These things, having been agreed upon between the two parties to be kept for thirty years, have made for a broad peace between the Romans and the Arabs; and with these two universal written documents having been made with oaths and delivered to each other, the often-mentioned 356 all-praiseworthy man returned to the emperor with many gifts as well. Learning these things, those inhabiting the western parts, both the Khagan of the Avars and the kings beyond, and exarchs and gastalds and the most eminent of the western nations, sending gifts to the emperor through ambassadors, requested that a peaceful friendship with them be ratified. And so the emperor, yielding to their requests, ratified with them also a sovereign peace. And there was great security in both the east and the west. George, bishop of Constantinople, for years. 170. 670. 10. 23. 1. In this year there was a great earthquake in Mesopotamia, in which the batan and the dome of the church of Edessa fell; and Mu'awiya rebuilt it at the urging of the Christians. 11. 24. 2. In this year Mu'awiya, the first councillor of the Saracens, died, in the month of Artemision, in the 1st indiction. and he had been strategos for 20 years, and had ruled as amir for 24 years, and Yazid, his son, began to rule. And at this time the nation of the Bulgars came upon Thrace. But it is necessary to speak also about the ancient history of the Onogundur Bulgars and Kotrags. In the northern regions opposite the Euxine Pontus, in the so-called Maeotian Lake, into which a very great river flows, coming down from the Ocean through the land of the Sarmatians, called the Atel, into which flows the river called Tanais, itself also coming from the Iberian gates which are in the Caucasus mountains, and from the confluence of the Tanais and the Atel, (the Atel being split above the aforesaid Maeotian Lake) comes the river called Kouphis, and 357 it empties into the

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Συρίας προσφυγὼν τοῖς Ῥωμαίοις πῦρ θαλάσσιον κατασκευάσας τὰ τῶν Ἀράβων σκάφη ἐνέπρησε καὶ σύμψυχα κατέκαυσεν. καὶ οὕτως οἱ Ῥωμαῖοι μετὰ νίκης ὑπέστρεψαν καὶ τὸ θαλάσσιον πῦρ εὗρον. Κωνσταντινουπόλεως ἐπίσκοπος Κωνσταντῖνος ἔτη βʹ. ʹ. ιθʹ. αʹ. Τούτῳ τῷ ἔτει ἐχείμασεν Ἀβδελᾶς, υἱὸς Κάϊς, καὶ Φαδαλᾶς εἰς Κρήτην. ζʹ. κʹ. βʹ. Τούτῳ τῷ ἔτει ὤφθη σημεῖον ἐν τῷ οὐρανῷ ἐν ἡμέρᾳ σαββάτῳ. Κωνσταντινουπόλεως ἐπίσκοπος Θεόδωρος ἔτη βʹ. ηʹ. καʹ. αʹ. Τούτῳ τῷ ἔτει ἐγένετο ἀκρὶς μεγάλη κατὰ Συρίαν καὶ Μεσοποταμίαν. 355 Κόσμου ἔτη ρξθʹ. Τῆς θείας σαρκώσεως ἔτη χξθʹ. Ῥωμαίων βασιλεὺς Κωνσταντῖνος ἔτη ιζʹ. θʹ. Ἀράβων ἀρχηγὸς Μαυΐας ἔτη κδʹ. κβʹ. Κωνσταντ. ἐπίσκοπος Θεόδωρος ἔτη βʹ. βʹ. Τούτῳ τῷ ἔτει εἰσῆλθον Μαρδαῖται εἰς τὸν Λίβανον καὶ ἐκράτησαν ἀπὸ τοῦ Μαύρου ὄρους ἕως τῆς ἁγίας πόλεως καὶ ἐχειρώσαντο τὰς τοῦ Λιβάνου περιωπάς· καὶ πολλοὶ δοῦλοι καὶ αἰχμάλωτοι καὶ αὐτόχθονες πρὸς αὐτοὺς κατέφυγον, ὥστε δι' ὀλίγου χρόνου εἰς πολλὰς χιλιάδας γενέσθαι. καὶ ταῦτα μαθὼν Μαυΐας καὶ οἱ σύμβουλοι αὐτοῦ ἐφοβήθησαν σφόδρα συλλογισάμενοι, ὅτι τὸ βασίλειον τῶν Ῥωμαίων ὑπὸ θεοῦ φρουρεῖται. καὶ ἀποστέλλει πρέσβεις πρὸς τὸν αὐτοκράτορα Κωνσταντῖνον ζητῶν εἰρήνην, ὑποσχόμενος καὶ ἐτήσια τῷ βασιλεῖ παρέχειν πάκτα. ὁ δὲ βασιλεὺς τοὺς τοιούτους πρέσβεις δεξάμενος καὶ τὴν αἴτησιν αὐτῶν ἀκηκοὼς ἀπέστειλε σὺν αὐτοῖς ἐν Συρίᾳ Ἰωάννην τὸν πατρίκιον, τὸ ἐπίκλην Πιτζιγαῦδιν, ὡς ἀρχαιογενῆ τῆς πολιτείας καὶ πολύπειρον ὄντα καὶ μεγάλης ἀντεχόμενον φρονήσεως, ἐπὶ τὸ ἁρμοδίως διαλεχθῆναι τοῖς Ἄραψι καὶ τὰ τῆς εἰρήνης συμφωνῆσαι. τούτου δὲ καταλαβόντος ἐν Συρίᾳ, ὁ Μαυΐας σώρευμα πεποιηκὼς τῶν τε ἀμηραίων καὶ κορασηνῶν ἐδέξατο αὐτὸν μετὰ μεγάλης τιμῆς. πολλῶν οὖν ἀναμεταξὺ αὐτῶν εἰρηνικῶν λεχθέντων λόγων, συνεφωνήθη πρὸς ἑκατέρους ἔγγραφον γενέσθαι εἰρήνης μεθ' ὅρκου λόγον ἐπὶ συμφώνου ἐτησίου πάκτου, παρέχεσθαι τῇ Ῥωμαϊκῇ πολιτείᾳ παρὰ τῶν Ἀγαρηνῶν χρυσοῦ χιλιάδας τρεῖς καὶ ἄνδρας αἰχμαλώτους νʹ καὶ ἵππους εὐγενεῖς νʹ. ταῦτα στοιχηθέντα μεταξὺ τῶν δύο μερῶν ἐπὶ χρόνους λʹ φυλάττεσθαι πλατεῖαν εἰρήνην ἀναμέσον Ῥωμαίων καὶ Ἀράβων πεποίηκεν· καὶ τῶν τοιούτων καθολικῶν δύο ἐγγράφων λόγων πρὸς ἀλλήλους μεθ' ὅρκων γεγονότων καὶ ἀλλήλοις ἐπιδοθέντων, ὁ πολλαχῶς λεχθεὶς 356 πανεύφημος ἀνὴρ πρὸς τὸν βασιλέα ὑπέστρεψε μετὰ καὶ δώρων πολλῶν. ταῦτα μαθόντες οἱ τὰ ἑσπέρια οἰκοῦντες μέρη, ὅ τε Χαγάνος τῶν Ἀβάρων καὶ οἱ ἐπέκεινα ῥῆγες ἔξαρχοί τε καὶ κάσταλδοι καὶ οἱ ἐξοχώτατοι τῶν πρὸς τὴν δύσιν ἐθνῶν, διὰ πρεσβευτῶν δῶρα τῷ βασιλεῖ στείλαντες εἰρηνικὴν πρὸς αὐτοὺς ἀγάπην κυρωθῆναι ᾐτήσαντο. εἴξας οὖν ὁ βασιλεὺς ταῖς αὐτῶν αἰτήσεσιν ἐκύρωσε καὶ πρὸς αὐτοὺς δεσποτικὴν εἰρήνην. καὶ ἐγένετο ἀμεριμνία μεγάλη ἔν τε τῇ ἀνατολῇ καὶ δύσει. Κωνσταντινουπόλεως ἐπίσκοπος Γεώργιος ἔτη ʹ. ροʹ. χοʹ. ιʹ. κγʹ. αʹ. Τούτῳ τῷ ἔτει γέγονε σεισμὸς μέγας κατὰ τὴν Μεσοποταμίαν, ἐν ᾧ πίπτει τὸ βατᾶν καὶ ὁ τροῦλλος τῆς ἐκκλησίας Ἐδέσης· καὶ κτίζει αὐτὸν Μαυΐας σπουδῇ τῶν Χριστιανῶν. ιαʹ. κδʹ. βʹ. Τούτῳ τῷ ἔτει ἀπεβίω Μαυΐας, ὁ τῶν Σαρακηνῶν πρωτοσύμβουλος, μηνὶ Ἀρτεμισίῳ ʹ ἰνδικτιῶνος αʹ. γέγονε δὲ στρατηγὸς ἔτη κʹ, καὶ ἀμήρευσεν ἔτη κδʹ, καὶ ἦρξεν Ἰζίδ, ὁ υἱὸς αὐτοῦ. Καὶ τούτῳ τῷ χρόνῳ τὸ τῶν Βουλγάρων ἔθνος ἐπῆλθε τῇ Θρᾴκῃ. ἀναγκαῖον δὲ εἰπεῖν καὶ περὶ τῆς ἀρχαιότητος τῶν Οὐννογουνδούρων Βουλγάρων καὶ Κοτράγων. ἐν τοῖς ἀρκτῴοις περατικοῖς μέρεσι τοῦ Εὐξείνου πόντου, ἐν τῇ λεγομένῃ Μαιώτιδι λίμνῃ, εἰς ἣν εἰσάγεται ποταμὸς μέγιστος ἀπὸ τοῦ ὠκεανοῦ καταφερόμενος διὰ τῆς τῶν Σαρματῶν γῆς, λεγόμενος Ἄτελ, εἰς ὃν εἰσάγεται ὁ λεγόμενος Τάναϊς ποταμὸς καὶ αὐτὸς ἀπὸ τῶν Ἰβηρίων πυλῶν ἐξερχόμενος τῶν ἐν τοῖς Καυκασίοις ὄρεσιν, ἀπὸ δὲ τῆς μίξεως τοῦ Τάναϊ καὶ τοῦ Ἄτελ, (ἄνωθεν τῆς προλεχθείσης Μαιώτιδος λίμνης σχιζομένου τοῦ Ἄτελ) ἔρχεται ὁ λεγόμενος Κοῦφις ποταμός, καὶ 357 ἀποδίδει εἰς τὸ