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But why, he asks, did He not state this more clearly? Because of their weakness. For if they were so scandalized when He said, "I have come down from heaven," what would they not have suffered if He had added this as well? He calls Himself the bread of life, because He constitutes our life, both this one and the one to come; for which reason He 59.259 added; "Whoever eats of this bread will live forever." And by "bread" here He means either the saving doctrines and the faith in Him, or His own Body. For both give strength to the soul. And yet elsewhere when He said, "If anyone hears My word, he will never taste death," they were scandalized; but here they suffered no such thing, perhaps because they were still in awe of Him from the miracle of the loaves. 2. But see also from what point He makes the distinction with the manna. From what one might call the end result of each food. For, showing that that food provided no extraordinary benefit, He added: "Your fathers ate the manna in the wilderness, and they died." Then He constructs the argument most likely to persuade them, that they themselves have been deemed worthy of things far greater than their fathers, alluding to those marvelous men around Moses. For this reason, after He said that those who ate the manna died, He added, "He who eats of this bread will live forever." And He did not put "in the wilderness" simply, but alluding to the fact that it neither extended for a long time, nor did it enter with them into the promised land. But this bread is not like that. "And the bread that I will give is my flesh, which I will give for the life of the world." One might reasonably ask here, being perplexed, what was the occasion for these words, which did not build up or serve any useful purpose, but rather even damaged what had been built up. "From this," it says, "many of His disciples went back, saying, 'This is a hard saying; who can listen to it?'" For it was possible for these things to be handed down to the disciples alone, just as Matthew said that He spoke to them privately. What then shall we say to this? That even now such sayings have great usefulness and necessity. For since they pressed Him asking for food, but for bodily food, and reminding Him of the food provided in the time of their ancestors, they spoke of manna as a great thing, He, showing that all those things were a type and a shadow, while the present reality is the truth of things, speaks of spiritual food. But, one might say, He should have said, "Your fathers ate manna in the wilderness; but I have provided bread for you." But there was a great difference. For this seemed even less than that, because that one was brought from above, while this miracle of the loaves happened below. Since, therefore, they were seeking food brought from heaven, for this reason He kept saying, "I have come down from heaven." But if one should ask why He also introduced the discourse about the mysteries, we would say to him that the time was very right for these words. For the obscurity of what is said always rouses the hearer and makes him more attentive. Therefore, they should not have been scandalized, but rather should have asked and inquired. But as it is, they withdraw. For if they considered Him to be a prophet, they ought to have believed what was said. So the scandal was due to their foolishness, not to the difficulty of what was said. But you see how little by little He bound the disciples to Himself; for these are the ones who say, "You have the words of life; where shall we go?" But here He introduces Himself as the giver, not the Father, saying, "The bread that I will give is My flesh." But the crowds did not act this way, but the opposite: "This is a hard saying." Therefore they also withdraw. And yet the teaching was not 59.260 strange or altered. For John had hinted at this from the beginning, calling Him a lamb. But not even so did they know, it says. I know that too; but not even the disciples understood. For if they did not yet know anything clear about the resurrection, and for this reason they also did not understand what "Destroy this temple, and in three days I will raise it up" meant, much more so with regard to what was said here; for these things were more obscure than those. For they knew that prophets had been raised, even if not so clearly

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Τίνος δὲ ἕνεκεν τρανότερον αὐτὸ οὐ τέθεικε, φησί; ∆ιὰ τὴν ἐκείνων ἀσθένειαν. Εἰ γὰρ εἰπόντος, Ἐκ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ καταβέβηκα, οὕτως ἐσκανδαλίσθησαν· τί οὐκ ἂν ἔπαθον, εἰ καὶ τοῦτο προσέθηκεν; Ἄρτον δὲ ζωῆς ἑαυτὸν καλεῖ, ὅτι τὴν ζωὴν ἡμῶν συγκροτεῖ καὶ ταύτην καὶ τὴν μέλλουσαν· διὸ καὶ 59.259 ἐπήγαγεν· Ὃς ἂν φάγῃ ἐκ τοῦ ἄρτου τούτου, ζήσεται εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα. Ἄρτον δὲ ἤτοι τὰ δόγματα λέγει ἐνταῦθα τὰ σωτήρια, καὶ τὴν πίστιν τὴν εἰς αὐτὸν, ἢ τὸ σῶμα τὸ ἑαυτοῦ. Ἀμφότερα γὰρ νευροῖ τὴν ψυχήν. Καίτοι γε ἀλλαχοῦ εἰπόντος· Ἐάν τίς μου τὸν λόγον ἀκούσῃ, οὐ μὴ γεύσεται θανάτου, καὶ ἐσκανδαλίσθησαν· ἐνταῦθα δὲ οὐδέν τι τοιοῦτον ἔπαθον, τάχα διὰ τὸ ἔτι δυσωπεῖσθαι αὐτὸν ἀπὸ τῶν γεγενημένων ἄρτων. βʹ. Ὅρα δὲ καὶ πόθεν ποιεῖται τὴν πρὸς τὸ μάννα διαφοράν. Ἀπὸ τοῦ οἷον τὸ τέλος ἀκοῦσαι ἑκατέρας τῆς τροφῆς. ∆εικνὺς γὰρ, ὅτι οὐ ξένην τινὰ ἐκείνη παρεῖχε τὴν χρείαν, ἐπήγαγεν· Οἱ πατέρες ὑμῶν ἔφαγον ἐν τῇ ἐρήμῳ τὸ μάννα, καὶ ἀπέθανον. Εἶτα κατασκευάζει τὸ μάλιστα πεῖθον αὐτοὺς, ὅτι πολλῷ τῶν πατέρων αὐτῶν μειζόνων αὐτοὶ ἠξίωνται, τοὺς περὶ Μωϋσέα αἰνιττόμενος θαυμαστοὺς ἄνδρας ἐκείνους. ∆ιὰ τοῦτο ἐπειδὴ εἶπεν, ὅτι ἀπέθανον οἱ τὸ μάννα φαγόντες, ἐπήγαγεν· Ὁ τρώγων ἐκ τοῦ ἄρτου τούτου, ζήσεται εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα. Καὶ τὸ Ἐν τῇ ἐρήμῳ δὲ οὐχ ἁπλῶς τέθεικεν, ἀλλ' αἰνιττόμενος ὅτι οὐδὲ ἐξετάθη ἐπὶ χρόνον πολὺν, οὐδὲ συνεισῆλθεν εἰς τὴν τῆς ἐπαγγελίας γῆν. Οὗτος δὲ ὁ ἄρτος οὐ τοιοῦτος. Καὶ ὁ ἄρτος δὲ, ὃν ἐγὼ δώσω, ἡ σάρξ μου ἐστὶν, ἣν ἐγὼ δώσω ὑπὲρ τῆς τοῦ κόσμου ζωῆς. Εἰκότως ζητήσειεν ἄν τις ἐνταῦθα διαπορῶν, ποῖος τῶν λόγων τούτων καιρὸς ἦν, οἰκοδομούντων μὲν οὐδὲν οὐδὲ χρησιμευόντων, μᾶλλον δὲ τοῖς οἰκοδομηθεῖσι καὶ λυμαινομένων. Ἐκ τούτου, φησὶ, πολλοὶ τῶν μαθητῶν αὐτοῦ ἀπῆλθον εἰς τὰ ὀπίσω, λέγοντες· Σκληρός ἐστιν ὁ λόγος οὗτος, τίς δύναται αὐτοῦ ἀκούειν; Ἐνῆν γὰρ ταῦτα μόνοις παραδοθῆναι τοῖς μαθηταῖς, καθάπερ ὁ Ματθαῖος ἔλεγεν, ὅτι Ἰδίᾳ διελέγετο αὐτοῖς. Τί ποτε οὖν πρὸς τοῦτο ἐροῦμεν; Ὅτι καὶ νῦν τῶν τοιούτων ῥημάτων πολὺ καὶ τὸ χρήσιμον καὶ τὸ ἀναγκαῖον. Ἐπειδὴ γὰρ ἐπέκειντο τροφὴν αἰτοῦντες μὲν, ἀλλὰ τὴν σωματικὴν, καὶ τῆς ἐπὶ τῶν προγόνων παρασχεθείσης ἀναμιμνήσκοντες αὐτὸν τροφῆς, τὸ μάννα μέγα ἔλεγον, δεικνὺς ὅτι πάντα ἐκεῖνα τύπος ἦν καὶ σκιὰ, ἡ δὲ πραγμάτων ἀλήθεια ἡ παροῦσά ἐστι, μέμνηται τροφῆς πνευματικῆς. Ἀλλ' ἔδει, φησὶν, εἰπεῖν, ὅτι οἱ πατέρες ὑμῶν ἔφαγον ἐν τῇ ἐρήμῳ τὸ μάννα· ἐγὼ δὲ ἄρτον παρέσχον ὑμῖν. Ἀλλὰ πολὺ τὸ μέσον ἦν. Ἐδόκει γὰρ τοῦτο καὶ ἔλαττον ἐκείνου, τῷ ἐκεῖνο μὲν ἄνωθεν φέρεσθαι, τοῦτο δὲ κάτω γεγενῆσθαι τὸ θαῦμα τῶν ἄρτων. Ἐπεὶ οὖν ἐζήτουν ἐκ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ φερομένην τροφὴν, διὰ τοῦτο συνεχῶς ἔλεγεν, Ἐκ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ καταβέβηκα. Εἰ δὲ ἐξετάζοι τις, τί δήποτε καὶ τὸν περὶ μυστηρίων ἐνέβαλε λόγον; ἐκεῖνο ἂν εἴποιμεν πρὸς αὐτὸν, ὅτι καὶ τούτων σφόδρα τῶν λόγων ὁ καιρὸς ἦν. Τὸ γὰρ ἀσαφὲς τῶν εἰρημένων ἀεὶ τὸν ἀκροατὴν διανίστησι καὶ προσεκτικώτερον ἐργάζεται. Οὐ τοίνυν σκανδαλίζεσθαι ἔδει, ἀλλ' ἐρωτᾷν μᾶλλον καὶ πυνθάνεσθαι. Νῦν δὲ ἀναχωροῦσιν. Εἰ γὰρ προφήτην αὐτὸν εἶναι ἐνόμιζον, ἐχρῆν πιστεῦσαι τοῖς λεγομένοις. Ὥστε τῆς ἐκείνων ἀνοίας τὸ σκάνδαλον ἦν, οὐ τῆς ἀπορίας τῶν λεγομένων. Σὺ δὲ ὅρα πῶς κατὰ μικρὸν τοὺς μαθητὰς συνέδησεν ἑαυτῷ· οὗτοι γάρ εἰσιν οἱ λέγοντες, Ῥήματα ζωῆς ἔχεις· ποῦ ἀπελευσόμεθα; Πλὴν ἑαυτὸν ἐνταῦθα εἰσάγει διδόντα, οὐ τὸν Πατέρα, Ὁ ἄρτος, λέγων, ὃν ἐγὼ δώσω, σάρξ μου ἐστίν. Ἀλλ' οὐχ οἱ ὄχλοι οὕτως, ἀλλ' ἀπεναντίας· Σκληρός ἐστιν ὁ λόγος οὗτος. ∆ιὸ καὶ ἀναχωροῦσι. Καίτοι οὐδὲ 59.260 ξένη τις ἦν ἡ διδασκαλία, καὶ παρηλλαγμένη. Ὁ γὰρ Ἰωάννης ἄνωθεν τοῦτο ᾐνίξατο, ἀμνὸν αὐτὸν προσειπών. Ἀλλ' οὐδὲ οὕτως ᾔδεσαν, φησίν. Οἶδα κἀγώ· ἀλλ' οὐδὲ οἱ μαθηταὶ ἠπίσταντο. Εἰ γὰρ περὶ ἀναστάσεως οὐδέπω τι ᾔδεσαν σαφὲς, διὰ τοῦτο δὲ καὶ ἠγνόησαν τί ποτέ ἐστι τὸ, Λύσατε τὸν ναὸν τοῦτον, καὶ ἐν τρισὶν ἡμέραις ἐγερῶ αὐτόν· πολλῷ μᾶλλον περὶ τῶν εἰρημένων· ταῦτα γὰρ ἐκείνων ἀσαφέστερα ἦν. Ὅτι μὲν γὰρ προφῆται ἀνέστησαν, ᾔδεσαν, εἰ καὶ μὴ οὕτω σαφῶς