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having learned of John, and others from the law; just as the Pharisee also said, ‘I fast twice a week.’ What then does Jesus say? ‘Can the sons of the bridechamber fast, as long as the bridegroom is with them?’ Previously He called Himself a physician, but here a bridegroom, revealing the ineffable mysteries through these names. And yet He could have spoken more sharply to them, that ‘You are not masters of these things, so as to make such laws.’ For what is the benefit of fasting, when the mind is full of wickedness? when you accuse others? when you condemn, carrying beams in your eyes, and do all things for show? For before all these things it was necessary to cast out vainglory, and to set right all the other things: love, meekness, brotherly love. But He says none of these things, but with all gentleness: ‘The sons of the bridechamber cannot fast, as long as the bridegroom is with them;’ reminding them of John's words, through which he said: ‘He who has the bride is the bridegroom; but the friend of the bridegroom, who stands and hears him, rejoices with joy because of the bridegroom’s voice.’ And what He says is this: The present time is one of joy and gladness; do not, therefore, introduce somber things. For fasting is somber, not in its nature, but to those who are still weaker; whereas for those who are willing to practice philosophy, the thing is both very pleasant and desirable. For just as when the body is healthy, there is great gladness, so when the soul is well disposed, the pleasure is greater. But He says these things with regard to their suspicion. So also Isaiah, speaking of it, calls it a humbling of the soul, and Moses likewise. 57.367 4. He does not, however, silence them from this point only, but also from another, saying: ‘Days will come when the bridegroom is taken from them, and then they will fast.’ For by these words He shows that what was happening was not out of gluttony, but of a certain wonderful economy; and at the same time He lays the groundwork for the discourse concerning His passion, teaching the disciples in the arguments against others, and training them to meditate now on things that seem to be somber. For to say this to them already was burdensome and grievous, seeing that even when said after this it troubled them; but when said to others, it became less grievous for these. And since it was likely that they were also proud of John's passion, from this He also suppresses this arrogance; He does not yet, however, add the discourse concerning the resurrection; for it was not yet the time. For the one was according to nature, for one thought to be a man to die, but the other was beyond nature. Then what He did before, this He also does here. For just as when they attempted to show that He was liable to charges for eating with sinners, He persuaded them of the contrary, that what was happening was not only not a charge, but even a praiseworthy thing; so also here, when they wanted to declare that He did not know how to handle His disciples, He shows that to say these things is characteristic of those who do not know how to handle their followers, but of those who are simply accusing. For no one, He says, puts a patch of unshrunk cloth on an old garment. Again from common examples He constructs His argument. And what He says is this: The disciples have not yet become strong, but still need much condescension; they have not yet been renewed by the Spirit. And on those so disposed, one must not place a burden of precepts. And He said these things, setting laws and rules for His own disciples, so that when they are about to receive disciples from the whole world, they may treat them with much gentleness. Nor do they put new wine into old wineskins. Have you seen the examples resembling the Old [Testament]? the garment? the wineskins? For Jeremiah says the people are a loincloth, and again he mentions wineskins and wine. For since the discourse was about gluttony and the table, He takes His examples from the same things. And Luke says something more, that the new piece is also torn, if you put it on the old. Do you see that not only is there no benefit, but even

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Ἰωάννου μαθόντες, οἱ δὲ ἀπὸ τοῦ νόμου· ὥσπερ οὖν καὶ ὁ Φαρισαῖος ἔλεγε· Νηστεύω δὶς τῆς ἑβδομάδος. Τί οὖν φησιν ὁ Ἰησοῦς, Μὴ δύνανται οἱ υἱοὶ τοῦ νυμφῶνος νηστεύειν, ἐφ' ὅσον μετ' αὐτῶν ἐστιν ὁ νυμφίος; Πρότερον μὲν ἰατρὸν ἑαυτὸν ἐκάλεσεν, ἐνταῦθα δὲ νυμφίον, τὰ ἀπόῤῥητα μυστήρια διὰ τῶν ὀνομάτων τούτων ἀποκαλύπτων. Καίτοιγε ἐνῆν πληκτικώτερον πρὸς αὐτοὺς εἰπεῖν, ὅτι Οὐκ ἐστὲ τούτων κύριοι ὑμεῖς, ὥστε τοιαῦτα νομοθετεῖν. Τί γὰρ ὄφελος τῆς νηστείας, ὅταν πονηρίας ᾖ γέμουσα ἡ διάνοια; ὅταν ἑτέροις ἐγκαλῆτε; ὅταν κατακρίνητε, δοκοὺς περιφέροντες ἐπὶ τῶν ὀφθαλμῶν, καὶ πρὸς ἐπίδειξιν πάντα ποιῆτε; Πρὸ γὰρ τούτων ἁπάντων κενοδοξίαν ἐκβάλλειν ἐχρῆν, καὶ τὰ ἄλλα κατορθοῦν ἅπαντα, ἀγάπην, πραότητα, φιλαδελφίαν. Ἀλλ' οὐδὲν τούτων φησὶν, ἀλλὰ μετ' ἐπιεικείας ἁπάσης· Οὐ δύνανται οἱ υἱοὶ τοῦ νυμφῶνος νηστεύειν, ἐφ' ὅσον μετ' αὐτῶν ἐστιν ὁ νυμφίος· ἀναμιμνήσκων αὐτοὺς τῶν Ἰωάννου ῥημάτων, δι' ὧν ἔλεγεν· Ὁ ἔχων τὴν νύμφην νυμφίος ἐστίν· ὁ δὲ φίλος τοῦ νυμφίου, ὁ ἑστηκὼς καὶ ἀκούων αὐτοῦ, χαρᾷ χαίρει διὰ τὴν φωνὴν τοῦ νυμφίου. Ὁ δὲ λέγει, τοιοῦτόν ἐστι· Χαρᾶς ὁ παρὼν καιρὸς καὶ εὐφροσύνης· μὴ τοίνυν ἐπείσαγε τὰ σκυθρωπά. Καὶ γὰρ σκυθρωπὸν ἡ νηστεία, οὐ τῇ φύσει, ἀλλ' ἐκείνοις τοῖς ἀσθενέστερον ἔτι διακειμένοις· ὡς τοῖς γε φιλοσοφεῖν ἐθέλουσι καὶ σφόδρα ἡδὺ τὸ πρᾶγμα καὶ ποθεινόν. Ὥσπερ γὰρ τοῦ σώματος ὑγιαίνοντος, πολλὴ ἡ εὐφροσύνη· οὕτω τῆς ψυχῆς εὖ διακειμένης, μείζων ἡ ἡδονή. Ἀλλὰ πρὸς τὴν ὑπόνοιαν ἐκείνων ταῦτά φησιν. Οὕτω καὶ Ἡσαΐας περὶ αὐτῆς διαλεγόμενος, ταπείνωσιν ψυχῆς αὐτὴν καλεῖ, καὶ Μωϋσῆς δὲ ὁμοίως. 57.367 δʹ. Οὐ μὴν ἐντεῦθεν αὐτοὺς ἐπιστομίζει μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἑτέρωθεν, λέγων· Ἐλεύσονται ἡμέραι, ὅταν ἀπαρθῇ ἀπ' αὐτῶν ὁ νυμφίος, καὶ τότε νηστεύσουσι. ∆ιὰ γὰρ τούτων δείκνυσιν, ὅτι οὐ γαστριμαργίας τὸ γινόμενον ἦν, ἀλλ' οἰκονομίας τινὸς θαυμαστῆς· ἅμα δὲ καὶ τὸν περὶ τοῦ πάθους προκαταβάλλεται λόγον, ἐν ταῖς πρὸς ἑτέρους ἀντιλογίαις παιδεύων τοὺς μαθητὰς, καὶ γυμνάζων μελετᾷν ἤδη ἐν τοῖς δοκοῦσιν εἶναι σκυθρωποῖς. Πρὸς μὲν γὰρ αὐτοὺς ἤδη τοῦτο εἰπεῖν, φορτικὸν ἦν καὶ ἐπαχθὲς, ὅπου γε καὶ μετὰ ταῦτα λεχθὲν αὐτοὺς ἐθορύβησε· πρὸς δὲ ἑτέρους λεγόμενον, ἀνεπαχθέστερον τούτοις μᾶλλον ἐγίνετο. Ἐπειδὴ δὲ εἰκὸς ἦν αὐτοὺς καὶ ἐπὶ τῷ πάθει Ἰωάννου μέγα φρονεῖν, καὶ τοῦτο ἐντεῦθεν καταστέλλει τὸ φύσημα· τὸν μέντοι περὶ τῆς ἀναστάσεως λόγον οὔπω προστίθησι· οὐδέπω γὰρ ἦν καιρός. Τοῦτο μὲν γὰρ κατὰ φύσιν ἦν, τὸ ἄνθρωπον νομιζόμενον εἶναι ἀποθανεῖν, ἐκεῖνο δὲ ὑπὲρ φύσιν. Εἶτα ὅπερ ἔμπροσθεν ἐποίησε, τοῦτο καὶ ἐνταῦθα ποιεῖ. Ὥσπερ γὰρ ἐπιχειροῦντας αὐτὸν δεῖξαι ἐγκλήμασιν ὄντα ὑπεύθυνον τῷ μετὰ ἁμαρτωλῶν ἐσθίειν, ἔπεισε τοὐναντίον, ὅτι οὐ μόνον οὐκ ἔγκλημα, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἔπαινος τὸ γινόμενον ἦν· οὕτω καὶ ἐνταῦθα βουλομένους αὐτοὺς ἀποφῆναι αὐτὸν, ὅτι οὐκ οἶδε κεχρῆσθαι τοῖς μαθηταῖς, δείκνυσιν ὅτι τὸ ταῦτα λέγειν οὐκ εἰδότων ἐστὶ κεχρῆσθαι τοῖς ἑπομένοις, ἀλλ' ἁπλῶς ἐγκαλούντων. Οὐδεὶς γὰρ ἐπιβάλλει, φησὶν, ἐπίβλημα ῥάκους ἀγνάφου ἐπὶ ἱματίῳ παλαιῷ. Πάλιν ἀπὸ τῶν κοινῶν ὑποδειγμάτων κατασκευάζει τὸν λόγον. Ὃ δὲ λέγει, τοιοῦτόν ἐστιν· Οὔπω γεγόνασιν ἰσχυροὶ οἱ μαθηταὶ, ἀλλ' ἔτι πολλῆς δέονται συγκαταβάσεως· οὔπω διὰ τοῦ Πνεύματος ἀνεκαινίσθησαν. Οὕτω δὲ διακειμένοις οὐ χρὴ βάρος ἐπιτιθέναι ἐπιταγμάτων. Ταῦτα δὲ ἔλεγε, νόμους τιθεὶς καὶ κανόνας τοῖς ἑαυτοῦ μαθηταῖς, ἵν' ὅταν μέλλωσι μαθητὰς λαμβάνειν τοὺς ἐκ τῆς οἰκουμένης ἅπαντας, μετὰ πολλῆς αὐτοῖς προσφέρωνται τῆς ἡμερότητος. Οὐδὲ βάλλουσιν οἶνον νέον εἰς ἀσκοὺς παλαιούς. Εἶδες τὰ ὑποδείγματα τῇ Παλαιᾷ ἐοικότα; τὸ ἱμάτιον; τοὺς ἀσκούς; Καὶ γὰρ ὁ Ἱερεμίας περίζωμα τὸν λαόν φησι, καὶ πάλιν ἀσκῶν μέμνηται καὶ οἴνου. Ἐπειδὴ γὰρ περὶ γαστριμαργίας ἦν ὁ λόγος καὶ τραπέζης, ἀπὸ τῶν αὐτῶν λαμβάνει τὰ ὑποδείγματα. Ὁ δὲ Λουκᾶς καὶ πλέον τί φησιν, ὅτι καὶ τὸ καινὸν σχίζεται, ἐὰν ἐπιβάλῃς αὐτὸ τῷ παλαιῷ. Ὁρᾷς ὅτι οὐ μόνον οὐδὲν γίνεται ὄφελος, ἀλλὰ καὶ