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he was freed from this suspicion, he was willing to cast her out, but he both keeps her and is served by the entire dispensation. But the evangelist continually uses the woman's name, not wishing for that mystery to be revealed for the time being, and doing away with the evil suspicion. And having taken her, he knew her not, until she had brought forth her firstborn son. He has said 'until' here, not so that you might suspect that after this he knew her, but so that you might learn that before the birth pangs the virgin was completely untouched. For what reason, then, he says, did he set down 'until'? Because it is often the custom of Scripture to do this, and not to apply this phrase to a definite time; as when the raven did not return to Noah, until the earth was dry; and yet it did not return after this either. And it says also in the Psalms: The Lord said to my Lord, Sit thou on my right hand, until I make thine enemies thy footstool. And Paul also says: For he must reign, until he has put all his enemies under his feet. But 63.831 neither there is 'until', nor here 'as far as', limits of time; since how can that prophecy stand which says: His dominion is an everlasting dominion, and his kingdom a kingdom which shall not be destroyed, and of his kingdom there shall be no end, if indeed he is to reign only until these things? So also here he said 'until', securing the things before the birth pangs; but the things after this he left for you to reason out. For what it was necessary for you to learn from him, this he himself said, that the virgin was untouched until the birth; but what seemed both a consequence and an agreed-upon point from what was said, this he leaves for you to understand henceforth; for example, that not even after this would that just man have endured to know her who had thus become a mother, and had been deemed worthy of a new birth and a strange child-bearing. Now when Jesus was born in Bethlehem of Judæa, in the days of Herod the king, behold, there came wise men from the east to Jerusalem, saying, Where is he that is born King of the Jews? For we have seen his star in the east, and have come to worship him. Here some of the enemies of the truth, taking hold of the saying, say: Behold, he says, when Christ was born, a star appeared, which is a sign that astrology is certain. What then shall we say to these things? Let us make the beginning of our refutation from the star itself. For this star was not one of the many, or rather it was not a star at all, but some invisible power fashioned into this appearance. And this is clear, because first, we see the sun and moon and stars moving from east to west; but this one was borne from north to south; for so is Palestine situated in relation to Persia. Second, that it appeared not at night, but in the middle of the day, while the sun was shining. Third, from its appearing, and being hidden. For as far as Palestine it appeared, leading the wise men by the hand; but when they set foot in Jerusalem, it hid itself; then again it shows itself, after they had departed from Herod; which is not the property of a star, but of some most rational power. Fourth, from the place of its indication; for coming down it showed the place. For it was impossible for it, remaining on high, to do this, since its height is infinite, and it would not have been sufficient to mark out so narrow a place and make it known to those who wished to see. Do you see by how many proofs it is shown that this star was not one of the many, nor showed itself according to the sequence of an ordinary birth? And for what reason did it appear, you ask? So as to assail the insensibility of the Jews. For since, though they continually heard the prophets speaking about his advent, they paid no great heed, he caused barbarians also to come from a distant land, seeking the king among the Jews themselves, and they learn from a Persian voice what they would not endure to learn from the prophets; so that, if they were well-disposed, they might have the greatest occasion for being persuaded; but if they were contentious, they might henceforth be deprived of all excuse. He draws

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ταύτης ἀπηλλάγη τῆς ὑποψίας, ἐκβαλεῖν ὑπέμεινεν, ἀλλὰ καὶ κατέχει καὶ διακονεῖται τῇ οἰκονομίᾳ πάσῃ. Τὸ τῆς γυναικὸς δὲ ὄνομα συνεχῶς τίθησιν ὁ εὐαγγελιστὴς, οὐ βουλόμενος ἐκκαλυφθῆναι τὸ μυστήριον ἐκεῖνο τέως, καὶ τὴν πονηρὰν ἀναιρῶν ὑποψίαν. Παραλαβὼν δὲ αὐτὴν, οὐκ ἐγίνωσκεν αὐτὴν, ἕως οὗ ἔτεκε τὸν υἱὸν αὐτῆς τὸν πρωτότοκον. Τὸ, ἕως, ἐνταῦθα εἴρηκεν, οὐχ ἵνα ὑποπτεύσῃς, ὅτι μετὰ ταῦτα αὐτὴν ἔγνω, ἀλλ' ἵνα μάθῃς ὅτι πρὸ τῶν ὠδίνων πάντως ἀνέπαφος ἦν ἡ παρθένος. Τίνος οὖν ἕνεκεν, φησὶ, τὸ, ἕως, τέθεικεν; Ὅτι ἔθος τῇ Γραφῇ πολλάκις τοῦτο ποιεῖν, καὶ τὴν ῥῆσιν ταύτην μὴ ἐπὶ διωρισμένον τιθέναι χρόνον· οἷον, ὅτε οὐκ ἀνέστρεψε πρὸς τὸν Νῶε ὁ κόραξ, ἕως οὗ ἐξηράνθη ἡ γῆ· καίτοι γε οὐδὲ μετὰ ταῦτα ἀνέστρεψε. Λέγει δὲ καὶ ἐν τοῖς Ψαλμοῖς· Εἶπεν ὁ Κύριος τῷ Κυρίῳ μου, Κάθου ἐκ δεξιῶν μου, ἕως ἂν θῶ τοὺς ἐχθρούς σου ὑποπόδιον τῶν ποδῶν σου. Καὶ ὁ Παῦλος δέ φησι· ∆εῖ γὰρ αὐτὸν βασιλεύειν ἄχρις οὗ ἂν θῇ πάντας τοὺς ἐχθροὺς αὐτοῦ ὑπὸ τοὺς πόδας αὐτοῦ. Ἀλλ' 63.831 οὔτε ἐκεῖ τὸ, ἕως, οὔτε ἐνταῦθα τὸ, μέχρις, χρόνων εἰσὶν ὅροι· ἐπεὶ πῶς ἕστηκε τὸ προφητικὸν ἐκεῖνο τὸ λέγον· Ἡ ἐξουσία αὐτοῦ ἐξουσία αἰώνιος, καὶ ἡ βασιλεία αὐτοῦ βασιλεία, ἥτις οὐ διαφθαρήσεται, καὶ τῆς βασιλείας αὐτοῦ οὐκ ἔσται τέλος, εἴ γε μέχρι τούτων μέλλει βασιλεύειν; Οὕτω δὴ καὶ ἐνταῦθα τὸ, ἕως, εἶπε, τὰ πρὸ ὠδίνων ἀσφαλιζόμενος· τὰ δὲ μετὰ ταῦτα σοὶ κατέλιπε συλλογίζεσθαι. Ὃ μὲν γὰρ ἀναγκαῖον ἦν μαθεῖν σε παρ' αὐτοῦ, τοῦτο αὐτὸς εἴρηκεν, ὅτι ἀνέπαφος ἦν ἡ παρθένος ἕως τοῦ τόκου· ὃ δὲ ἐκ τῶν εἰρημένων ἀκόλουθόν τε ἐφαίνετο καὶ ὡμολογημένον, τοῦτο σοὶ λοιπὸν ἀφίησι συνιδεῖν· οἷον, ὅτι οὐκ ἂν οὐδὲ μετὰ ταῦτα τὴν οὕτω γενομένην μητέρα, καὶ καινῶν ὠδίνων καὶ ξένων καταξιωθεῖσαν λοχευμάτων, δίκαιος ὢν ἐκεῖνος ὑπέμεινε γνῶναι λοιπόν. Τοῦ δὲ Ἰησοῦ γεννηθέντος ἐν Βηθλεὲμ τῆς Ἰουδαίας, ἐν ταῖς ἡμέραις Ἡρώδου τοῦ βασιλέως, ἰδοὺ μάγοι ἀπὸ ἀνατολῶν παρεγένοντο εἰς Ἱεροσόλυμα λέγοντες· Ποῦ ἐστιν ὁ τεχθεὶς βασιλεὺς τῶν Ἰουδαίων; Εἴδομεν γὰρ αὐτοῦ τὸν ἀστέρα ἐν τῇ ἀνατολῇ, καὶ ἤλθομεν προσκυνῆσαι αὐτόν. Ἐνταῦθά τινες τῶν τῆς ἀληθείας ἐχθρῶν ἐπιλαβόμενοι τοῦ ῥητοῦ, φασίν· Ἰδοὺ, φησὶ, καὶ τοῦ Χριστοῦ γεννηθέντος, ἀστὴρ ἐφάνη, ὅπερ ἐστὶ σημεῖον τοῦ τὴν ἀστρολογίαν εἶναι βεβαίαν. Τί οὖν πρὸς ταῦτα ἐροῦμεν; Ἀπ' αὐτοῦ τοῦ ἀστέρος τῆς λύσεως τὴν ἀρχὴν ποιησώμεθα. Οὐδὲ γὰρ τῶν πολλῶν εἷς ἦν ὁ ἀστὴρ οὗτος, μᾶλλον δὲ οὐδὲ ἀστὴρ ἦν, ἀλλὰ δύναμίς τις ἀόρατος εἰς ταύτην σχηματισθεῖσα τὴν ὄψιν. ∆ῆλον δὲ τοῦτο, ὅτι πρῶτον μὲν καὶ ἥλιον καὶ σελήνην καὶ ἀστέρας ἐξ ἀνατολῶν ὁρῶμεν ἐπὶ δύσιν χωροῦντας· οὗτος δὲ ἀπὸ ἄρκτου εἰς μεσημβρίαν ἐφέρετο· οὕτω γὰρ ἡ Παλαιστίνη πρὸς τὴν Περσίδα κεῖται. ∆εύτερον δὲ, ὅτι οὐκ ἐν νυκτὶ ἐφαίνετο, ἀλλ' ἐν ἡμέρᾳ μέσῃ, ἡλίου λάμποντος. Τρίτον, ἀπὸ τοῦ φαίνεσθαι, καὶ κρύπτεσθαι. Ἕως μὲν γὰρ τῆς Παλαιστίνης ἐφαίνετο χειραγωγῶν τοὺς μάγους· ἐπειδὴ δὲ ἐπέβησαν τῶν Ἱεροσολύμων, ἔκρυψεν ἑαυτόν· εἶτα πάλιν δείκνυσιν ἑαυτὸν, μετὰ τὸ ἐξελθεῖν αὐτοὺς ἐκ τοῦ Ἡρώδου· ὅπερ οὐκ ἔστιν ἴδιον ἀστέρος, ἀλλὰ δυνάμεώς τινος λογικωτάτης. Τέταρτον, ἀπὸ τοῦ τόπου τῆς δείξεως· κάτω γὰρ καταβὰς τὸν τόπον ἐδείκνυ. Ἀδύνατον γὰρ ἦν ἄνω μένοντα τοῦτο ποιεῖν, ἐπειδὴ ἄπειρον τὸ ὕψος, καὶ οὐκ ἤρκει οὕτω στενὸν τόπον χαρακτηρίσαι καὶ γνωρίσαι τοῖς βουλομένοις ἰδεῖν. Ὁρᾷς δι' ὅσων δείκνυται οὐ τῶν πολλῶν εἷς ὢν οὗτος ὁ ἀστὴρ, οὐδὲ κατὰ τὴν ἀκολουθίαν τῆς ἔξω γεννήσεως δεικνὺς ἑαυτόν; Καὶ τίνος ἕνεκεν ἐφάνη, φησίν; Ὥστε καθικέσθαι τῆς Ἰουδαίων ἀναισθησίας. Ἐπειδὴγὰρ τῶν προφητῶν συνεχῶς ἀκούοντες λεγόντων περὶ τῆς αὐτοῦ παρουσίας, οὐ σφόδρα προσεῖχον, ἐποίησε καὶ βαρβάρους ἐλθεῖν ἀπὸ γῆς μακρᾶς, τὸν παρ' αὐτοῖς τοῖς Ἰουδαίοις βασιλέα ἐπιζητοῦντας, καὶ παρὰ Περσικῆς φωνῆς μανθάνουσιν, ἃ οὐκ ἠνέσχοντο μαθεῖν παρὰ τῶν προφητῶν· ἵνα, ἂν μὲν εὐγνωμονῶσι, μεγίστην ἔχωσι τοῦ πείθεσθαι πρόφασιν· ἂν δὲ φιλονεικῶσιν, ἀπεστερημένοι λοιπὸν ὦσι πάσης ἀπολογίας. Ἑλκύει