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this is the proverb which is spoken: The fathers have eaten sour grapes, and the children’s teeth are set on edge. And Moses says: The father shall not die for the child. And concerning a certain king it says that for this reason he did not do this, observing the law of Moses. But if someone says, How then is it said, Who visits the sins of the parents upon the children to the third and fourth generation? we would say this, that the declaration is not universal, but was said concerning some of those who came out of Egypt. What it means is something like this: Since those who came out of Egypt, after the signs 59.307 and wonders of their forefathers, became worse than those who had seen none of these things, they will suffer, he says, the same things which those others suffered, since they have dared the same things. And that it was said concerning them, one who has examined the passage more accurately will know. For what reason then was he born blind? That the glory of God might be made manifest, He says. Behold again another difficulty, if without his punishment it was not possible for the glory of God to be made manifest. Certainly it is not said that it was not possible; for it was possible; but that in this man also it might be made manifest. What then, you say? Was he wronged for the glory of God? What wrong? tell me; if He had not willed to bring him into existence at all. But I say that he was even benefited by his blindness. For he saw with his inner eyes. For what benefit are their eyes to the Jews? For they received a greater punishment, being blinded while seeing. What harm was his blindness to this man? For through it he received his sight. As, then, the evils of the present life are not evils; so neither are the goods, goods; but sin alone is evil, but blindness is not evil. And He Who brought him from not being into being, had the power also to leave him thus. But some say that this conjunction is not causal, but indicates the consequence; as when He says, For judgment I came into this world, that those who do not see may see, and that those who see may become blind. And yet He did not come for this purpose, that those who see might become blind. And again Paul: For what can be known of God is manifest in them, so that they are without excuse. And yet He did not show it to them for this purpose, that they might be deprived of an excuse, but that they might obtain one. And again elsewhere: But the Law entered, that the trespass might abound. And yet it did not enter for this reason, but that sin might be restrained. 2. Do you see that everywhere the conjunction indicates the consequence? For just as an excellent builder, having worked on a part of the house, has left a part unfinished, so that through what is left he might offer a proof to the unbelievers concerning the whole; so also God, as if it were a decayed house, glues together and fills up our body, both healing the withered hand, strengthening the paralyzed limbs, setting straight the lame, cleansing the lepers, raising the sick, making whole those whose legs were maimed, calling the dead from death, opening eyes that were closed, creating them where they were not; all of which are maimings of natural weakness, and then by correcting them, He showed His own power. But when He said, That the glory of God might be made manifest, He speaks of Himself, not of the Father. For His glory was manifest. For since they had heard that God made man by taking dust from the earth, for this reason He also fashioned him in this way. For to say, "I am He who took dust from the earth and formed man," would have seemed offensive to the hearers; but when this was shown by the deed, it was no longer offensive. Therefore, He also, taking dust and mixing it with spittle, in this way manifested His hidden glory. For it is no small glory to be thought the Creator of the creation. For from this the other things also followed, from the part the whole was believed. For faith concerning the greater thing also confirmed the lesser. For man is more honorable than all creation, and the eye is more honorable than our other members. 59.308 For this reason He did not create the eyes simply, but in that manner. For though the member is small in size, it is more necessary than the whole body. And this

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παραβολὴ αὕτη ἡ λεγομένη· Οἱ πατέρες ἔφαγον ὄμφακα, καὶ οἱ ὀδόντες τῶν τέκνων ὠμοδίασαν. Καὶ ὁ Μωϋσῆς δέ φησιν· Οὐκ ἀποθανεῖται πατὴρ ὑπὲρ τέκνου. Καὶ περί τινος βασιλέως φησὶν, ὅτι διὰ τοῦτο τοῦτο οὐκ ἐποίησε, φυλάττων τὸν Μωϋσέως νόμον. Εἰ δὲ λέγει τις, Πῶς οὖν εἴρηται, Ὁ ἀποδιδοὺς ἁμαρτίας γονέων ἐπὶ τέκνα ἐπὶ τρίτην καὶ τετάρτην γενεάν; ἐκεῖνο ἂν εἴποιμεν, ὅτι οὐκ ἔστι καθολικὴ ἡ ἀπόφασις, ἀλλ' ἐπί τινων εἴρηται τῶν ἐξ Αἰγύπτου ἐξελθόντων. Ὃ δὲ λέγει, τοιοῦτόν ἐστιν· Ἐπειδὴ οἱ ἐξ Αἰγύπτου ἐξελθόντες, μετὰ τὰ σημεῖα 59.307 καὶ τὰ θαύματα τῶν προγόνων, γεγόνασι χείρους τῶν οὐδὲν τούτων θεασαμένων, τὰ αὐτὰ πείσονται, φησὶν, ἅπερ ἔπαθον ἐκεῖνοι, ἐπειδὴ τὰ αὐτὰ τετολμήκασι. Καὶ ὅτι περὶ ἐκείνων εἴρηται, τῷ τόπῳ τις ἐπιστήσας ἀκριβέστερον εἴσεται. Τίνος οὖν ἕνεκεν τυφλὸς ἐγεννήθη; Ἵνα φανερωθῇ ἡ δόξα τοῦ Θεοῦ, φησίν. Ἰδοὺ πάλιν ἄπορον ἄλλο, εἰ χωρὶς τῆς τούτου κολάσεως οὐκ ἐνῆν φανῆναι τοῦ Θεοῦ τὴν δόξαν. Μάλιστα μὲν οὐ τοῦτο εἴρηται, ὅτι οὐκ ἐνῆν· ἐνῆν γάρ· ἀλλὰ καὶ ἐν τούτῳ ἵνα φανερωθῇ. Τί οὖν, φησίν; ἠδικήθη διὰ τὴν τοῦ Θεοῦ δόξαν; Ποίαν ἀδικίαν; εἰπέ μοι· εἰ γὰρ μηδὲ ὅλως παραγαγεῖν αὐτὸν ἐβούλετο. Ἐγὼ δὲ καὶ εὐηργετῆσθαι αὐτόν φημι ἀπὸ τῆς πηρώσεως. Τοὺς γὰρ ἔνδον ἀνέβλεψεν ὀφθαλμούς. Τί γὰρ ὄφελός ἐστι τοῖς Ἰουδαίοις τῶν ὀμμάτων; Μείζονα γὰρ κόλασιν ἔσχον, πηρωθέντες ἐν τῷ βλέπειν. Τί δὲ τούτῳ βλάβος ἀπὸ τῆς πηρώσεως; ∆ιὰ γὰρ ταύτης ἀνέβλεψεν. Ὥσπερ οὖν τὰ κακὰ οὐκ ἔστι κακὰ τὰ κατὰ τὸν παρόντα βίον· οὕτως οὐδὲ τὰ ἀγαθὰ ἀγαθά· ἀλλ' ἁμαρτία μόνη κακὸν, πήρωσις δὲ οὐ κακόν. Ὁ δὲ ἐκ τοῦ μὴ ὄντος εἰς τὸ εἶναι παραγαγὼν, ἐξουσίαν εἶχε καὶ οὕτως αὐτὸν ἀφεῖναι. Φασὶ δέ τινες. ὅτι τοῦτο οὐδὲ αἰτιολογικόν ἐστι τὸ ἐπίῤῥημα, ἀλλὰ τῆς ἐκβάσεως· οἷον ὡς ὅταν λέγῃ, Εἰς κρίμα ἐγὼ ἦλθον εἰς τὸν κόσμον τοῦτον, ἵνα οἱ μὴ βλέποντες βλέψωσι, καὶ οἱ βλέποντες τυφλοὶ γένωνται. Καὶ μὴν οὐ διὰ τοῦτο ἦλθεν, ἵνα οἱ βλέποντες τυφλοὶ γένωνται. Καὶ πάλιν ὁ Παῦλος· Τὸ γὰρ γνωστὸν τοῦ Θεοῦ φανερόν ἐστιν ἐν αὐτοῖς εἰς τὸ εἶναι αὐτοὺς ἀναπολογήτους. Καίτοι οὐ διὰ τοῦτο αὐτοῖς ἔδειξεν, ἵνα ἀποστερηθῶσιν ἀπολογίας, ἀλλ' ἵνα τύχωσι, ἀπολογίας. Καὶ πάλιν ἀλλαχοῦ· Νόμος δὲ παρεισῆλθεν, ἵνα πλεονάσῃ τὸ παράπτωμα. Καίτοι οὐ διὰ τοῦτο παρεισῆλθεν, ἀλλ' ἵνα κωλυθῇ ἡ ἁμαρτία. βʹ. Ὁρᾷς πανταχοῦ τὸ ἐπίῤῥημα τῆς ἐκβάσεως ὄν; Καθάπερ γάρ τις οἰκοδόμος ἄριστος, τῆς οἰκίας τὸ μὲν εἰργάσατο, τὸ δὲ ἀφῆκεν ἀτέλεστον, ὥστε τοῖς ἀπιστοῦσι διὰ τοῦ λειψάνου καὶ περὶ τοῦ παντὸς ἀπολογήσασθαι· οὕτω καὶ ὁ Θεὸς, καθάπερ οἰκίαν τινὰ σεσαθρωμένην, τὸ σῶμα τὸ ἡμέτερον συγκολλᾷ καὶ ἀναπληροῖ, τήν τε χεῖρα τὴν ξηρὰν θεραπεύων, τὰ παραλελυμένα μέλη σφίγγων, τοὺς χωλοὺς διορθούμενος, τοὺς λεπροὺς καθαίρων, τοὺς νοσοῦντας ἐγείρων, τοὺς τὰ σκέλη πεπηρωμένους ἀρτίους ποιῶν, τοὺς νεκροὺς ἀπὸ θανάτου καλῶν, μεμυκότας ὀφθαλμοὺς διανοίγων, οὐκ ὄντας ἐπιτιθείς· ἅπερ ἅπαντα τῆς κατὰ φύσιν ἀσθενείας ὄντα πηρώματα, εἶτα διορθούμενος, ἐδείκνυ αὐτοῦ τὴν δύναμιν. Εἰπὼν δὲ, Ἵνα φανερωθῇ ἡ δόξα τοῦ Θεοῦ, περὶ ἑαυτοῦ φησιν, οὐ περὶ τοῦ Πατρός. Ἐκείνου γὰρ ἡ δόξα ἦν φανερά. Ἐπειδὴ γὰρ ἤκουον, ὅτι τὸν ἄνθρωπον ὁ Θεὸς ἐποίησε λαβὼν χοῦν ἀπὸ τῆς γῆς, διὰ τοῦτο οὕτω καὶ αὐτὸς ἔπλασε. Τὸ μὲν γὰρ εἰπεῖν, ὅτι Ἐγώ εἰμι ὁ λαβὼν χοῦν ἀπὸ τῆς γῆς, καὶ πλάσας τὸν ἄνθρωπον, πρόσαντες ἐδόκει εἶναι τοῖς ἀκούουσι· διὰ δὲ τοῦ ἔργου τοῦτο δεικνύμενον, οὐκ ἔτι λοιπὸν προσίστατο. ∆ιὸ δὴ καὶ αὐτὸς χοῦν λαβὼν, καὶ φύρων τῷ πτύσματι, οὕτω τὴν κεκρυμμένην αὐτοῦ δόξαν ἐφανέρωσεν. Οὐ μικρὰ γὰρ δόξα, τὸ δημιουργὸν αὐτὸν νομισθῆναι τῆς κτίσεως. Ἀπὸ γὰρ τούτου καὶ τὰ ἄλλα συνεισήρχετο, ἀπὸ τοῦ μέρους καὶ τὸ ὅλον ἐπιστοῦτο. Ἡ γὰρ περὶ τοῦ μείζονος πίστις καὶ τὸ ἔλαττον ἐβεβαίου. Τῆς κτίσεως γὰρ ἁπάσης τιμιώτερον ἄνθρωπος, καὶ τῶν ἐν ἡμῖν μελῶν τιμιώτερος ὀφθαλμός. 59.308 ∆ιὰ τοῦτο οὐχ ἁπλῶς, ἀλλ' ἐκείνῳ τῷ τρόπῳ τὰ ὄμματα ἐδημιούργησεν. Εἰ γὰρ καὶ μικρὸν τῷ μεγέθει τὸ μέλος, ἀλλ' ὅλου τοῦ σώματός ἐστιν ἀναγκαιότερον. Καὶ τοῦτο