John Chrysostom, On Matthew

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in prison the works of Jesus, having sent two of his disciples, he asked him, saying: Are you the one who is to come, or should we expect another? But Luke says that they themselves reported the signs to John, and then he sent them. However, this presents no difficulty, but only a point for contemplation; for this also shows their jealousy towards him; but what follows is very much among the things being sought. What then is this? To say, "Are you the one who is to come, or should we expect another?" For he who knew him before the signs, who learned from the Spirit, who heard from the Father, who proclaimed him before all, now sends to learn from him whether it was he or not? And yet if you do not know clearly that it is he, how do you consider yourself trustworthy, making declarations about things unknown? For he who is to bear witness to others must first be trustworthy himself. Did you not say, "I am not worthy to untie the strap of his sandal?" Did you not say, "I did not know him, but he who sent me to baptize with water, he said to me: 'The one on whom you see the Spirit descending and remaining, this is he who baptizes with the Holy Spirit?'" Did you not see the Spirit in the form of a dove? Did you not hear the voice? Did you not try to prevent him, saying, "I have need to be baptized by you?" Did you not also say to your disciples, "He must increase, but I must decrease?" Did you not teach all the people that he will baptize them with the Holy Spirit and with fire? and that he is the Lamb of God, who takes away the sin of the world? Did you not proclaim all these things before the signs and the wonders? How then now, when he has become known to all, and his fame has spread everywhere, and the dead have been raised, and demons have been driven out, and a display of so many signs has taken place, do you then send to learn from him? What then has happened? Were all those words some deceit, a stage play and myths? And who with any sense would say these things? I do not say John, who leaped in the womb, who proclaimed him before the birth-pangs, the citizen of the desert, who exhibited the angelic way of life; but even if he were one of the multitude, and of the most despised, he would not have doubted after so many testimonies, both his own and those from others. From which it is clear, that neither did he send because he was doubting, nor did he ask out of ignorance. For neither could one say that he knew clearly, but because of the prison had become more cowardly; for neither did he expect to be released from there, nor if he did expect it, would he who was arrayed for death have betrayed piety. For he would not have displayed such courage against an entire people, practiced in shedding prophetic blood, if he had not been prepared for this; 57.414 he would not have rebuked that cruel tyrant with such boldness in the midst of the city and the marketplace, just as if rebuking a small child very strongly, with all listening. And if he did become more cowardly, how was he not ashamed before his own disciples, in whose presence he had testified so many things about him, but asked through them, when he ought to have asked through others? And yet he knew clearly that they were jealous of him, and desired to find some pretext. How then was he not ashamed before the Jewish people, in whose presence he preached so many things? And what more would he gain from this for his release from his bonds? For he had not been thrown in on account of Christ, nor for proclaiming his power, but on account of his rebuke concerning the unlawful marriage. For what mindless child, what madman, would not have brought such an opinion upon himself? What then is being constructed? For that it is not in John's character to doubt these things, nor indeed that of any ordinary person, nor even of one utterly foolish and deranged, is clear from what has been said; it remains, therefore, to bring forward the solution. For what reason, then, did he send to ask? The disciples of John were shying away from Jesus; and this is surely clear to everyone; and they were always jealous towards him. And this is clear from what they said to their Teacher; "He who was with you," he says, "beyond the Jordan, to whom you have borne witness, behold, he is baptizing, and all are coming to him;" and again;

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δεσμωτηρίῳ τὰ ἔργα τοῦ Ἰησοῦ, πέμψας δύο τῶν μαθητῶν, ἠρώτα αὐτὸν λέγων· Σὺ εἶ ὁ ἐρχόμενος, ἢ ἕτερον προσδοκῶμεν; Ὁ δὲ Λουκᾶς φησιν, ὅτι καὶ αὐτοὶ ἀπήγγειλαν τὰ σημεῖα τῷ Ἰωάννῃ, καὶ τότε ἔπεμψεν αὐτούς. Πλὴν ἀλλὰ τοῦτο μὲν ἀπορίαν οὐδεμίαν ἔχει, ἀλλὰ θεωρίαν μόνον· τὴν γὰρ ζηλοτυπίαν αὐτῶν ἐμφαίνει καὶ τοῦτο τὴν πρὸς αὐτόν· τὸ δὲ ἑξῆς σφόδρα ἐστὶ τῶν ζητουμένων. Ποῖον δὴ τοῦτο; Τὸ εἰπεῖν, Σὺ εἰ ὁ ἐρχόμενος, ἢ ἕτερον προσδοκῶμεν; Ὁ γὰρ πρὸ τῶν σημείων εἰδὼς αὐτὸν, ὁ παρὰ τοῦ Πνεύματος μαθὼν, ὁ παρὰ τοῦ Πατρὸς ἀκούσας, ὁ ἐπὶ πάντων ἀνακηρύξας, νῦν πέμπει παρ' αὐτοῦ μαθησόμενος εἴτε αὐτὸς εἴη, εἴτε μή; Καίτοι εἰ μὴ οἶδας ὅτι αὐτός ἐστι σαφῶς, πῶς σαυτὸν ἀξιόπιστον εἶναι νομίζεις, ἀποφαινόμενος ὑπὲρ τῶν ἀγνοουμένων; Τὸν γὰρ ἑτέροις μαρτυρήσοντα. πρότερον αὐτὸν ἀξιόπιστον εἶναι δεῖ. Οὐ σὺ ἔλεγες, ὅτι Οὐκ εἰμὶ ἱκανὸς λῦσαι αὐτοῦ τὸν ἱμάντα τοῦ ὑποδήματος; Οὐ σὺ ἔλεγες, ὅτι Οὐκ ᾔδειν αὐτὸν, ἀλλ' ὁ πέμψας με βαπτίζειν ἐν ὕδατι, ἐκεῖνός μοι εἶπεν· Ἐφ' ὂν ἂν ἴδῃς τὸ Πνεῦμα καταβαῖνον καὶ μένον ἐπ' αὐτὸν, οὗτός ἐστιν ὁ βαπτίζων ἐν Πνεύματι ἁγίῳ; Οὐκ εἶδες τὸ Πνεῦμα ἐν εἴδει περιστερᾶς; οὐχὶ τῆς φωνῆς ἤκουσας; Οὐχὶ διεκώλυες αὐτὸν λέγων, Ἐγὼ χρείαν ἔχω ὑπὸ σοῦ βαπτισθῆναι; Οὐχὶ καὶ τοῖς μαθηταῖς ἔλεγες, Ἐκεῖνον δεῖ αὐξάνειν, ἐμὲ δὲ ἐλαττοῦσθαι; Οὐχὶ τὸν δῆμον ἐδίδασκες ἅπαντα, ὅτι αὐτὸς αὐτοὺς βαπτίσει ἐν Πνεύματι ἁγίῳ καὶ πυρί; καὶ ὅτι αὐτός ἐστιν ὁ Ἀμνὸς τοῦ Θεοῦ, ὁ αἴρων τὴν ἁμαρτίαν τοῦ κόσμου; Οὐχὶ πρὸ τῶν σημείων ταῦτα πάντα καὶ τῶν θαυμάτων ἀνεκήρυξας; Πῶς οὖν νῦν, ὅτε δῆλος πᾶσιν ἐγένετο, καὶ πανταχοῦ διῆλθεν αὐτοῦ ἡ φήμη, καὶ νεκροὶ ἠγέρθησαν, καὶ δαίμονες ἀπηλάθησαν, καὶ σημείων τοσούτων ἐπίδειξις γέγονε, τότε πέμπεις μανθάνων παρ' αὐτοῦ; Τί δὴ γέγονεν; ἀπάτη τις ἦν πάντα ἐκεῖνα τὰ ῥήματα, σκηνὴ καὶ μῦθοι; Καὶ τίς ἂν ταῦτα νοῦν ἔχων εἴποι; Οὐ λέγω, Ἰωάννης, ὁ ἐν τῇ μήτρᾳ σκιρτήσας, ὁ πρὸ τῶν ὠδίνων αὐτὸν ἀνακηρύξας, ὁ τῆς ἐρήμου πολίτης, ὁ τὴν ἀγγελικὴν ἐπιδειξάμενος πολιτείαν· ἀλλ' εἰ καὶ τῶν πολλῶν εἷς ἦν, καὶ τῶν σφόδρα ἀπεῤῥιμμένων, οὐκ ἂν μετὰ τοσαύτας μαρτυρίας, καὶ τὰς παρ' ἑαυτοῦ καὶ τὰς παρ' ἑτέρων, ἀμφέβαλλεν. Ὅθεν δῆλον, ὅτι οὐδὲ αὐτὸς ἀμφισβητῶν ἔπεμπεν, οὐδὲ ἀγνοῶν ἠρώτα. Οὐδὲ γὰρ ἐκεῖνο ἂν ἔχοι τις εἰπεῖν, ὅτι ᾔδει μὲν σαφῶς, διὰ δὲ τὸ δεσμωτήριον δειλότερος γέγονεν· οὐδὲ γὰρ ἀπαλλαγήσεσθαι ἐντεῦθεν προσεδόκα, οὐδὲ εἰ προσεδόκα, προὔδωκεν ἂν τὴν εὐσέβειαν ὁ πρὸς θανάτους παρατεταγμένος. Οὐδὲ γὰρ ἂν, εἰ μὴ πρὸς τοῦτο ἦν παρεσκευασμένος, πρὸς δῆμον ὁλόκληρον, αἵματα μελετήσαντα ἐκχέειν προφητικὰ, τοσαύτην ἂν 57.414 ἐπεδείξατο τὴν ἀνδρείαν· οὐκ ἂν τὸν ὠμὸν τύραννον ἐκεῖνον μετὰ τοσαύτης ἂν ἤλεγξε τῆς παῤῥησίας ἐν μέσῃ πόλει καὶ ἀγορᾷ, καθάπερ παιδίῳ μικρῷ σφόδρα ἐπιτιμῶν, ἀκουόντων ἁπάντων. Εἰ δὲ καὶ δειλότερος γέγονε, πῶς τοὺς μαθητὰς οὐκ ᾐσχύνετο τοὺς ἑαυτοῦ, ἐφ' ὧν αὐτῷ τοσαῦτα ἐμαρτύρησεν, ἀλλὰ δι' αὐτῶν ἠρώτα, ὀφείλων δι' ἑτέρων; Καίτοιγε ᾔδει σαφῶς, ὅτι καὶ ἐζηλοτύπουν αὐτὸν, καὶ λαβήν τινα εὑρεῖν ἐπεθύμουν. Πῶς δὲ τὸν δῆμον τὸν Ἰουδαϊκὸν οὐκ ἠρυθρίασεν, ἐφ' οὗ τοσαῦτα ἐκήρυξε; Τί δὲ αὐτῷ καὶ εἰς τὴν ἀπαλλαγὴν τῶν δεσμῶν ἐντεῦθεν πλέον ἐγίνετο; Οὐδὲ γὰρ διὰ τὸν Χριστὸν ἦν ἐμβεβλημένος, οὐδὲ διὰ τὸ ἀνακηρῦξαι αὐτοῦ τὴν δύναμιν, ἀλλὰ διὰ τὸν ἔλεγχον τὸν ἐπὶ τῷ παρανόμῳ γάμῳ. Ποίου δὲ παιδίου ἀνοήτου, τίνος δὲ ἀνθρώπου μαινομένου οὐκ ἂν ἑαυτῷ δόξαν περιέθηκε; Τί οὖν ἐστι τὸ κατασκευαζόμενον; Ὅτι μὲν γὰρ οὐκ ἔστιν Ἰωάννου τὸ ἀμφισβητῆσαι ταῦτα, ἀλλ' οὐδὲ τοῦ τυχόντος, οὐδὲ τοῦ σφόδρα ἀνοήτου καὶ παραπαίοντος, ἐκ τῶν εἰρημένων δῆλον· δεῖ δὲ λοιπὸν τὴν λύσιν ἐπαγαγεῖν. Τίνος οὖν ἕνεκεν ἔπεμψεν ἐρωτῶν; Ἀπεπήδων τοῦ Ἰησοῦ οἱ Ἰωάννου μαθηταί· καὶ τοῦτο παντί που δῆλόν ἐστι· καὶ ζηλοτύπως ἀεὶ πρὸς αὐτὸν εἶχον. Καὶ δῆλον ἐξ ὧν πρὸς τὸν ∆ιδάσκαλον ἔλεγον· Ὃς γὰρ ἦν, φησὶ, μετὰ σοῦ πέραν τοῦ Ἰορδάνου, ᾧ σὺ μεμαρτύρηκας, ἴδε οὗτος βαπτίζει, καὶ πάντες ἔρχονται πρὸς αὐτόν· καὶ πάλιν·