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he preached, and first he bore witness to this. For, behold, he says, the Lamb of God, who takes away the sin of the world. He called him a Lamb, proclaiming the cross; and by saying, Who takes away the sin of the world, he indicated this very thing. For not otherwise, but through the cross he accomplished this; which Paul also said: And the bond, which was against us, he also took out of the way, nailing it to the cross. And to say that, He will baptize you with the Spirit, was the act of one prophesying the things after the resurrection. But that he would rise, he says, he knew, and would give the Holy Spirit; but that he would also be crucified, he did not know. How then was he going to rise who had not suffered, nor been crucified? and how is this one greater than a prophet, who does not even know the things of the prophets? 3. For that he was greater than a prophet, Christ himself also 57.416 bore witness; but that the prophets knew the passion is surely clear to everyone. For Isaiah says: He was led as a sheep to the slaughter, and as a lamb before its shearer is silent. And before this testimony he says: There shall be the root of Jesse, and he that shall rise to rule the Gentiles, in him shall the Gentiles hope. Then speaking of the passion he also brought on the glory from it: And his rest shall be honor. And not only did this one foretell that he would be crucified, but also with whom; For he was reckoned among the transgressors, he says. And not only this, but that he will not even make a defense; For this one, he says, does not open his mouth; and that he will be unjustly condemned; For in his humiliation, he says, his judgment was taken away. And before this, David also says this, and describes the court. For why, he says, did the nations rage, and the peoples plot in vain? The kings of the earth set themselves, and the rulers were gathered together, against the Lord and against his Christ. And elsewhere he also speaks of the type of the cross, saying thus: They pierced my hands and my feet; and he adds the things dared by the soldiers with all accuracy; For they parted, he says, my garments among them, and for my clothing they cast lots. And elsewhere he says that they also offered him vinegar; For they gave, he says, gall for my food, and for my thirst they gave me vinegar to drink. Then the prophets, so many years before, speak of the court, and the condemnation, and those crucified with him, and the distribution of the garments, and the lot for them, and many other things besides; for it is not necessary to set forth everything now, so as not to make the discourse long; but did this one, who is greater than all of them, not know all these things? And how could it be reasonable? And for what reason did he not say, Are you the one coming into Hades? but simply, The one who is to come? And yet that would be much more ridiculous than this; for they say: For this reason he said these things, that he might also go there and preach. To whom it is fitting to say: Brethren, do not be children in your minds, but in malice be infants. For the present life is a time for conduct; but after death, judgment and punishment. For in Hades, he says, who will confess to you? How then were the bronze gates broken, and the iron bars shattered? Through his body. For then for the first time was an immortal body shown, and one dissolving the tyranny of death. Otherwise, this shows the power of death abolished, not the sins of those who died before his coming loosed. But if not this, but he also freed all those before from Gehenna, how does he say, It will be more tolerable for the land of Sodom and Gomorrah? For this was said as if they too would be punished, more leniently indeed, but punished nonetheless. And yet they also paid the ultimate penalty here; but nevertheless, not even this will deliver them. And if these, much more those who have suffered nothing. What then? were those before his coming wronged, he says? Not at all; for it was possible even for those not confessing Christ then to be saved. For this was not required of them, but not to worship idols, and to know the true God. 57.417 For the Lord, he says, your God, is one Lord. For this reason the Maccabees also were admired, because for the sake of the

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ἐκήρυσσε, καὶ πρῶτον τοῦτο ἐμαρτύρησεν. Ἴδε γὰρ, φησὶν, ὁ Ἀμνὸς τοῦ Θεοῦ, ὁ αἴρων τὴν ἁμαρτίαν τοῦ κόσμου. Ἀμνὸν δὲ ἐκάλεσε, τὸν σταυρὸν ἀνακηρύττων· καὶ τῷ εἰπεῖν δὲ, Ὁ αἴρων τὴν ἁμαρτίαν τοῦ κόσμου, τὸ αὐτὸ τοῦτο ἐδήλωσεν. Οὐ γὰρ ἑτέρως, ἀλλ' ἢ διὰ τοῦ σταυροῦ τοῦτο εἰργάσατο· ὃ καὶ Παῦλος ἔλεγε· Καὶ τὸ χειρόγραφον, ὃ ἦν ὑπεναντίον ἡμῖν, καὶ αὐτὸ ἦρκεν ἐκ μέσου, προσηλώσας αὐτὸ τῷ σταυρῷ. Καὶ τὸ λέγειν δὲ, ὅτι Ἐν Πνεύματι βαπτίσει ὑμᾶς, τὰ μετὰ τὴν ἀνάστασιν προφητεύσαντος ἦν. Ἀλλ' ὅτι μὲν ἀναστήσεται, φησὶν, ᾔδει, καὶ δώσει Πνεῦμα ἅγιον· ὅτι δὲ καὶ σταυρωθήσεται, οὐκ ᾔδει. Πῶς οὖν ἔμελλεν ἀνίστασθαι ὁ μὴ παθὼν, μηδὲ σταυρωθείς; πῶς δὲ μείζων προφήτου οὗτος, ὁ μηδὲ τὰ τῶν προφητῶν ἐπιστάμενος; γʹ. Ὅτι γὰρ μείζων προφήτου ἦν, καὶ αὐτὸς ὁ Χρι 57.416 στὸς ἐμαρτύρησεν· ὅτι δὲ οἱ προφῆται τὸ πάθος ᾔδεσαν, παντί που δῆλόν ἐστι. Καὶ γὰρ Ἡσαΐας φησίν· Ὡς πρόβατον ἐπὶ σφαγὴν ἤχθη, καὶ ὡς ἀμνὸς ἐναντίον τοῦ κείροντος αὐτὸν ἄφωνος. Καὶ πρὸ τῆς μαρτυρίας δὲ ταύτης φησίν· Ἔσται ἡ ῥίζα τοῦ Ἰεσσαὶ, καὶ ὁ ἀνιστάμενος ἄρχειν ἐθνῶν, ἐπ' αὐτῷ ἔθνη ἐλπιοῦσιν. Εἶτα τὸ πάθος λέγων καὶ τὴν ἀπ' αὐτοῦ δόξαν ἐπήγαγε· Καὶ ἔσται ἡ ἀνάπαυσις αὐτοῦ τιμή. Οὐ μόνον δὲ ὅτι σταυρωθήσεται προὔλεγεν οὗτος, ἀλλὰ καὶ μετὰ τίνων· Καὶ γὰρ ἐν τοῖς ἀνόμοις ἐλογίσθη, φησί. Καὶ οὐδὲ τοῦτο μόνον, ἀλλ' ὅτι οὐδὲ ἀπολογήσεται· Οὗτος γὰρ, φησὶν, οὐκ ἀνοίγει τὸ στόμα αὐτοῦ· καὶ ὅτι ἀδίκως κατακριθήσεται· Ἐν τῇ ταπεινώσει γὰρ αὐτοῦ, φησὶν, ἡ κρίσις αὐτοῦ ἤρθη. Καὶ πρὸ τούτου δὲ ὁ ∆αυῒδ καὶ τοῦτο λέγει, καὶ τὸ δικαστήριον ὑπογράφει. Ἵνα τί γὰρ, φησὶν, ἐφρύαξαν ἔθνη, καὶ λαοὶ ἐμελέτησαν κενά; Παρέστησαν οἱ βασιλεῖς τῆς γῆς, καὶ οἱ ἄρχοντες συνήχθησαν ἐπὶ τὸ αὐτὸ, κατὰ τοῦ Κυρίου καὶ κατὰ τοῦ Χριστοῦ αὐτοῦ. Ἀλλαχοῦ δὲ καὶ τὸν τύπον λέγει τοῦ σταυροῦ, οὕτω λέγων· Ὤρυξαν χεῖράς μου καὶ πόδας μου· καὶ τὰ παρὰ τῶν στρατιωτῶν τολμηθέντα προστίθησι μετὰ πάσης ἀκριβείας· ∆ιεμερίσαντο γὰρ, φησὶ, τὰ ἱμάτιά μου ἑαυτοῖς, καὶ ἐπὶ τὸν ἱματισμόν μου ἔβαλον κλῆρον. Καὶ ἀλλαχοῦ δὲ ὅτι καὶ ὄξος προσήνεγκαν αὐτῷ λέγει· Ἔδωκαν γὰρ, φησὶν, εἰς τὸ βρῶμά μου χολὴν, καὶ εἰς τὴν δίψαν μου ἐπότισάν με ὄξος. Εἶτα οἱ μὲν προφῆται πρὸ τοσούτων ἐτῶν καὶ τὸ δικαστήριον, καὶ τὴν καταδίκην, καὶ τοὺς συσταυρωθέντας μετ' αὐτοῦ λέγουσι, καὶ τῶν ἱματίων τὴν διανομὴν, καὶ τὸν ἐπ' αὐτῶν κλῆρον, καὶ πολλῷ πλείονα ἕτερα· οὐδὲ γὰρ πάντα ἀναγκαῖον παρατιθέναι νῦν, ὥστε μὴ μακρὸν ποιῆσαι τὸν λόγον· οὗτος δὲ ὁ μείζων ἐκείνων ἁπάντων, ἅπαντα ταῦτα ἠγνόει; Καὶ πῶς ἂν ἔχοι λόγον; Τίνος δὲ ἕνεκεν οὐκ ἔλεγε, Σὺ εἶ ὁ ἐρχόμενος εἰς τὸν ᾅδην; ἀλλ' ἁπλῶς, Ὁ ἐρχόμενος; Καίτοι πολλῷ καταγελαστότερον τούτου ἐκεῖνο ἂν εἴη· φασὶ γάρ· ∆ιὰ τοῦτο ταῦτα ἔλεγεν, ἵνα κἀκεῖ ἀπελθὼν κηρύξῃ. Πρὸς οὓς εὔκαιρον εἰπεῖν· Ἀδελφοὶ, μὴ παιδία γίνεσθε ταῖς φρεσὶν, ἀλλὰ τῇ κακίᾳ νηπιάζετε. Ὁ μὲν γὰρ παρὼν βίος πολιτείας ἐστὶ καιρός· μετὰ δὲ τελευτὴν κρίσις καὶ κόλασις. Ἐν γὰρ τῷ ᾅδῃ, φησὶ, τίς ἐξομολογήσεταί σοι; Πῶς οὖν συνετρίβησαν πύλαι χαλκαῖ, καὶ μοχλοὶ σιδηροῖ συνεθλάσθησαν; ∆ιὰ τοῦ σώματος τοῦ αὐτοῦ. Τότε γὰρ πρῶτον ἐδείχθη σῶμα ἀθάνατον, καὶ διαλύον τοῦ θανάτου τὴν τυραννίδα. Ἄλλως δὲ τοῦτο τοῦ θανάτου δείκνυσι τὴν ἰσχὺν ἀνῃρημένην, οὐ τῶν πρὸ τῆς παρουσίας αὐτοῦ τετελευτηκότων τὰ ἁμαρτήματα λελυμένα. Εἰ δὲ μὴ τοῦτο, ἀλλὰ καὶ τοὺς ἔμπροσθεν ἅπαντας ἀπήλλαξε γεέννης, πῶς φησιν, Ἀνεκτότερον ἔσται γῇ Σοδόμων καὶ Γομόῤῥων; Τοῦτο γὰρ ὡς καὶ ἐκείνων κολασθησομένων εἴρηται, ἡμερώτερον μὲν, κολασθησομένων δ' οὖν ὅμως. Καίτοιγε καὶ δίκην ἐνταῦθα ἔδοσαν τὴν ἐσχάτην· ἀλλ' ὅμως οὐδὲ τοῦτο αὐτοὺς ἐξαιρήσεται. Εἰ δὲ τούτους, πολλῷ μᾶλλον τοὺς μηδὲν πεπονθότας. Τί οὖν; ἠδικήθησαν, φησὶν, οἱ πρὸ τῆς παρουσίας αὐτοῦ; Οὐδαμῶς· ἐνῆν γὰρ καὶ μὴ ὁμολογήσαντας τὸν Χριστὸν τότε σωθῆναι. Οὐ γὰρ τοῦτο ἀπῃτεῖτο παρ' αὐτῶν, ἀλλὰ τὸ μὴ εἰδωλολατρεῖν, καὶ τὸ τὸν ἀληθινὸν Θεὸν εἰδέναι. 57.417 Κύριος γὰρ, φησὶν, ὁ Θεός σου, Κύριος εἷς ἐστι. ∆ιὰ τοῦτο καὶ οἱ Μακκαβαῖοι ἐθαυμάζοντο, ὅτι ὑπὲρ τῆς