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for keeping the law suffered what they suffered, both the three youths, and many others among the Jews, who displayed a most excellent life, and preserved the measure of this knowledge, were required to do nothing more. For then it was sufficient for salvation, as I have already said, to know God alone; but now it is no longer so, but knowledge of Christ is also necessary. For this reason He said: If I had not come and spoken to them, they would not have sin; but now they have no excuse for their sin. So it is also with respect to conduct. Then, murder destroyed the one who committed it, but now, even being angry does. And then, committing adultery and having intercourse with another's wife brought punishment; but now, even to look with licentious eyes does. For just as knowledge, so also conduct has now been intensified. So there was no need of a forerunner there. Besides, if the faithless were to be saved by believing after they die, no one would ever perish. For all will repent then and will worship. And that this is true, hear Paul saying, that Every tongue will confess, and every knee will bow, of things in heaven, and things on earth, and things under the earth; and, that The last enemy to be destroyed is death. But there is no benefit from that submission; for it is not of a right choice, but of the necessity, so to speak, of the circumstances from then on. 4. Let us not, then, introduce such old wives' doctrines and Jewish myths. Hear, at least, what Paul says about these things: For as many as have sinned without law will also perish without law; speaking of those in the time before the law; And as many as have sinned in the law will be judged by the law; speaking of all those after Moses; and, That the wrath of God is revealed from heaven against all ungodliness and unrighteousness of men; and, Wrath and anger and tribulation and anguish, on every soul of man that does evil, of the Jew first and also of the Greek. And yet the Greeks suffered countless evils here; and this both the secular histories declare, and our Scriptures. For who could relate the tragedies of the Babylonians, or of the Egyptians? But that those also who did not know Christ before His coming in the flesh, but abstained from idolatry, and worshipped God alone, and displayed a most excellent life, will enjoy all good things, hear what he says: But glory, and honor, and peace, to every man that works good, to the Jew first, and also to the Greek. Do you see that there are many rewards of good things for these, and again punishments and penalties for those who have done the opposite? Where, then, are those who disbelieve in Gehenna? For if those before the coming of Christ, who had not even heard the name of Gehenna, nor of the resurrection, and were punished here, will also pay the penalty there; how much more we who have been nurtured with so many words of philosophy? And how is it reasonable, he says, for those who have heard nothing about Gehenna, 57.418 to fall into Gehenna? For they will say, that If you had threatened Gehenna, we would have been more afraid and would have been temperate. Yes, indeed, (is it not so?) as we live now, hearing every day the words about Gehenna, and paying no attention at all. And besides these things, it is also possible to say this, that he who is not restrained by immediate punishments will much more not be restrained by those. For things at hand and about to happen immediately are accustomed to discipline the more irrational and dull-witted, rather than things that will come to pass a long time later. But for us, he says, a greater fear has been suspended, and in this they have been wronged. Not at all. For in the first place, not the same arenas are set before us and them, but much greater ones for us. And it was necessary for those who undertook greater labors to enjoy greater help. And it is no small help, for the fear to be increased. But if we have an advantage over them in knowing the future, they also have an advantage over us in that severe punishments were inflicted on them immediately. But many people say something else in response to these things. For where is the justice, he says, of God, when someone who has sinned here, is punished both here and there? Do you wish, then, that I remind you of your own words, so that

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τοῦ νόμου φυλακῆς ἔπαθον ἅπερ ἔπαθον, καὶ οἱ παῖδες οἱ τρεῖς, καὶ ἕτεροι δὲ πολλοὶ παρὰ Ἰουδαίοις, βίον ἄριστον ἐπιδειξάμενοι, καὶ τὸ μέτρον τῆς γνώσεως ταύτης διατηρήσαντες, οὐδὲν ἀπῃτήθησαν πλέον. Τότε μὲν γὰρ ἤρκει εἰς σωτηρίαν, καθάπερ ἔφθην εἰπὼν, τὸ τὸν Θεὸν εἰδέναι μόνον· νυνὶ δὲ οὐκέτι, ἀλλὰ δεῖ καὶ τῆς τοῦ Χριστοῦ γνώσεως. ∆ιὰ τοῦτο ἔλεγεν· Εἰ μὴ ἦλθον καὶ ἐλάλησα αὐτοῖς, ἁμαρτίαν οὐκ εἶχον· νῦν δὲ πρόφασιν οὐκ ἔχουσι περὶ τῆς ἁμαρτίας αὐτῶν. Οὕτω καὶ ἐπὶ τῆς πολιτείας. Τότε μὲν ὁ φόνος ἀπώλλυε τὸν ἐργασάμενον, νῦν δὲ καὶ τὸ ὀργίζεσθαι. Καὶ τότε μὲν τὸ μοιχεύειν καὶ μίγνυσθαι ἀλλοτρίᾳ γυναικὶ κόλασιν ἔφερε· νῦν δὲ καὶ τὸ ἀκολάστοις ἰδεῖν ὀφθαλμοῖς. Ὥσπερ γὰρ ἡ γνῶσις, οὕτω καὶ ἡ πολιτεία ἐπιτέταται νῦν. Ὥστε οὐδὲν ἔδει προδρόμου ἐκεῖ. Ἄλλως δὲ, εἰ μέλλοιεν μετὰ τὸ ἀποθανεῖν οἱ ἄπιστοι πιστεύοντες σώζεσθαι, οὐδεὶς ἀπολεῖταί ποτε. Πάντες γὰρ μεταγνώσονται τότε καὶ προσκυνήσουσι. Καὶ ὅτι τοῦτό ἐστιν ἀληθὲς, ἄκουσον Παύλου λέγοντος, ὅτι Πᾶσα γλῶσσα ἐξομολογήσεται, καὶ πᾶν γόνυ κάμψει ἐπουρανίων καὶ ἐπιγείων καὶ καταχθονίων· καὶ, ὅτι Ἔσχατος ἐχθρὸς καταργεῖται ὁ θάνατος. Ἀλλ' οὐδὲν ὄφελος τῆς ὑποταγῆς ἐκείνης· οὐ γὰρ προαιρέσεώς ἐστιν εὐγνώμονος, ἀλλὰ τῆς τῶν πραγμάτων, ὡς ἂν εἴποι τις, λοιπὸν ἀνάγκης. δʹ. Μὴ δὴ τοιαῦτα λοιπὸν εἰσάγωμεν δόγματα γραώδη, καὶ μύθους Ἰουδαϊκούς. Ἄκουσον γοῦν τί περὶ τούτων ὁ Παῦλός φησιν· Ὅσοι γὰρ ἀνόμως ἥμαρτον, ἀνόμως καὶ ἀπολοῦνται· περὶ τῶν ἐν τῷ πρὸ τοῦ νόμου χρόνῳ διαλεγόμενος· Καὶ ὅσοι ἐν νόμῳ ἥμαρτον, διὰ νόμου κριθήσονται· περὶ τῶν μετὰ Μωϋσέα πάντων λέγων· καὶ, Ὅτι ἀποκαλύπτεται ὀργὴ Θεοῦ ἀπ' οὐρανοῦ ἐπὶ πᾶσαν ἀσέβειαν καὶ ἀδικίαν ἀνθρώπων· καὶ, Θυμὸς καὶ ὀργὴ καὶ θλῖψις καὶ στενοχωρία ἐπὶ πᾶσαν ψυχὴν ἀνθρώπου τοῦ κατεργαζομένου τὸ κακὸν, Ἰουδαίου τε πρῶτον καὶ Ἕλληνος. Καίτοι μυρία ἔπαθον ἐνταῦθα Ἕλληνες κακά· καὶ τοῦτο καὶ αἱ τῶν ἔξωθεν ἱστορίαι δηλοῦσι, καὶ αἱ Γραφαὶ αἱ παρ' ἡμῖν. Τίς γὰρ ἂν διηγήσαιτο τὰς τῶν Βαβυλωνίων τραγῳδίας, ἢ τὰς τῶν Αἰγυπτίων; Ὅτι δὲ καὶ οἱ τὸν Χριστὸν οὐκ ἐγνωκότες πρὸ τῆς ἐνσάρκου παρουσίας, εἰδωλολατρείας δὲ ἀποστάντες, καὶ τὸν Θεὸν προσκυνήσαντες μόνον, καὶ πολιτείαν ἀρίστην ἐπιδειξάμενοι, ἁπάντων ἀπολαύσονται τῶν ἀγαθῶν, ἄκουσον τί φησιν· ∆όξα δὲ καὶ τιμὴ καὶ εἰρήνη παντὶ τῷ ἐργαζομένῳ τὸ ἀγαθὸν, Ἰουδαίῳ τε πρῶτον καὶ Ἕλληνι. Ὁρᾷς ὅτι ἀγαθῶν ἀμοιβαὶ πολλαὶ τούτοις εἰσὶ, καὶ κολάσεις καὶ τιμωρίαι πάλιν τοῖς τὰ ἐναντία πεποιηκόσι; Ποῦ τοίνυν εἰσὶν οἱ τῇ γεέννῃ διαπιστοῦντες; Εἰ γὰρ οἱ πρὸ τῆς παρουσίας τοῦ Χριστοῦ, οἱ μηδὲ ὄνομα γεέννης ἀκούσαντες, μηδὲ ἀναστάσεως, καὶ ἐνταῦθα κολασθέντες, κἀκεῖ δώσουσι δίκην· πόσῳ μᾶλλον ἡμεῖς οἱ τοσούτοις τραφέντες λόγοις φιλοσοφίας; Καὶ πῶς εὔλογον, φησὶ, τοὺς μηδὲν περὶ γεέννης ἀκούσαντας, 57.418 εἰς γέενναν ἐμπεσεῖν; Ἐροῦσι γὰρ, ὅτι Εἰ ἠπείλησας γέενναν, μᾶλλον ἂν ἐφοβήθημεν καὶ ἐσωφρονήσαμεν. Πάνυ γε, (οὐ γάρ;) ὡς ἡμεῖς βιοῦμεν νῦν, καθ' ἑκάστην ἡμέραν ἀκούοντες τοὺς περὶ γεέννης λόγους, καὶ οὐδὲ ὅλως προσέχοντες. Χωρὶς δὲ τούτων κἀκεῖνο ἔστιν εἰπεῖν, ὅτι ὁ ταῖς παρὰ πόδας μὴ κατεχόμενος τιμωρίαις, πολλῷ μᾶλλον ἐκείναις οὐ κατασχεθήσεται. Τοὺς γὰρ ἀλογωτέρους καὶ παχύτερον διακειμένους τὰ ἐν χερσὶ μᾶλλον καὶ εὐθέως συμβησόμενα εἴωθε σωφρονίζειν, ἢ τὰ μακροῖς ὕστερον ἐκβησόμενα χρόνοις. Ἀλλ' ἡμῖν, φησὶ, μείζων ἐπεκρεμάσθη ὁ φόβος, καὶ τοῦτο ἐκεῖνοι ἠδίκηνται. Οὐδαμῶς. Πρῶτον μὲν γὰρ οὐ τὰ αὐτὰ πρόκειται σκάμματα ἡμῖν κἀκείνοις, ἀλλὰ πολλῷ μείζονα ἡμῖν. Τοὺς δὲ μείζονας ἀναδεξαμένους πόνους, μείζονος ἔδει βοηθείας ἀπολαῦσαι. Βοήθεια δὲ οὐ μικρὰ, τὸ αὐξηθῆναι τὸν φόβον. Εἰ δὲ πλεονεκτοῦμεν αὐτῶν τῷ τὰ μέλλοντα εἰδέναι, πλεονεκτοῦσιν ἡμῶν κἀκεῖνοι τῷ παραυτίκα σφοδρὰς ἐπιφέρεσθαι τὰς τιμωρίας αὐτοῖς. Ἀλλ' ἕτερόν τι καὶ πρὸς ταῦτα λέγουσιν οἱ πολλοί. Ποῦ γὰρ τὸ δίκαιον, φησὶ, τοῦ Θεοῦ, ὅταν τις ἐνταῦθα ἁμαρτὼν, καὶ ἐνταῦθα κἀκεῖ κολάζηται; Βούλεσθε οὖν ὑμᾶς ἀναμνήσω τῶν ὑμετέρων λόγων, ἵνα