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In order, just as you asked, so also will the solution be clear, not to you only, but also to all other men. When our Lord and God and Savior said to the one with the withered hand that your sins are forgiven you, the Hebrews, hearing this, said: This man speaks blasphemy; who can forgive sins but God alone? Thus, forgiveness of sins was not yet given, not by prophets, not by priests, not by any of the patriarchs of that time. Therefore, the scribes were also vexed, as some new dogma and extraordinary thing was being proclaimed; but the Lord did not blame them on this account, but rather taught what they did not know, showing Himself as God and not as a man bestowing the forgiveness of sins; for He says to them, "But that you may know that the Son of Man has authority to forgive sins," He says to the one with the withered hand, "stretch out your hand," and he stretched it out and it was restored, whole like the other, confirming the greater and invisible thing through the visible miracle. Thus Zacchaeus, thus the harlot, thus Matthew from the tax booth, thus Peter who denied him three times, thus the paralytic, whom He healed and finding him afterward said, "Behold, you are well; sin no more, that nothing worse happen to you." And in saying this He showed that through sin that man had fallen into sickness, and being delivered from it (434) he also received the forgiveness of his own sins, this not requiring many years of time, nor fasting, nor sleeping on the ground, but only conversion and unwavering faith and cutting off of evil and true repentance and many tears, like the harlot and Peter who wept bitterly.

Hence is the beginning of this great gift, which befits God alone, who also alone possessed it; then He leaves such a grace to the disciples in His place, as He was about to ascend to heaven. But how did He bestow upon them this dignity and authority? Let us learn to whom and to how many and when. To the chosen eleven disciples, when the doors were shut and they were gathered together inside. For having entered and stood in their midst, He breathed on them and said, "Receive the Holy Spirit. If you forgive the sins of any, they are forgiven them; if you retain the sins of any, they are retained," and He commands them nothing concerning penances for the time being, as they were to be taught by the Holy Spirit. 13. As has been said, therefore, by succession the holy Apostles transmitted this authority to those who also held their thrones, as none of the rest even dared to conceive of such a thing.Thus the disciples of the Lord guarded with exactness the right of this authority. But as we said, as time went on the worthy were confounded and mixed with the unworthy and were obscured by the multitude, one striving to excel another and feigning the presidency with virtue. For since those holding the thrones of the Apostles were shown to be carnal and lovers of pleasure and lovers of glory and turned aside to heresies, the divine grace abandoned them, and this authority has been taken away from such men. Therefore also all the other things, (435) which those who perform sacred rites ought to have, being abandoned, they are required to have only this: orthodoxy. But I think not even this; for he is not orthodox who does not newly introduce a dogma into the church of God, but he who has acquired a life consonant with the right word. And this man, and such a one, the patriarchs and metropolitans of various times either sought and did not fail, or having found him, preferred the unworthy man instead of him, requiring of him only this: to set forth in writing the symbol of the faith, and this

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τάξιν ὥσπερ ἠρώτησας οὕτως καί σαφής ἡ λύσις γενήσεται, οὐ σοί μόνον, ἀλλά καί πᾶσιν ἄλλοις ἀνθρώποις. Τοῦ Κυρίου καί Θεοῦ καί Σωτῆρος ἡμῶν εἰπόντος τῷ ξηράν ἔχοντι τήν χεἰρα ὅτι ἀφέωνταί σοι αἱ ἁμαρτίαι σου, ἀκούσαντες οἱ Ἑβραῖοι ἔλεγον˙ βλασφημίαν οὗτος λαλεῖ˙ τίς δύναται ἀφιέναι ἁμαρτίας εἰ μή εἷς ὁ Θεός; Οὕτως οὐδέπω ἄφεσις ἐδίδοτο ἁμαρτιῶν, οὐ παρά προφητῶν, οὐ παρά ἱερέων, οὐ παρά τῶν τότε πατριαρχῶν τινος. ∆ιό καί ὡς καινοῦ τινος δόγματος καί πράγματος παραδόξου κηρυσσομένου οἱ γραμματεῖς ἐδυσχέραινον˙ ὁ δέ Κύριος οὐκ ἐμέμψατο αὐτούς τούτου γε ἕνεκα, ἀλλά μᾶλλον ὅ ἠγνόουν ἐδίδαξεν ὡς Θεόν ἑαυτόν δείξας καί οὐχ ὡς ἄνθρωπον τήν ἄφεσιν τῶν ἡμαρτημένων δωρούμενον˙ φησί γάρ πρός αὐτούς, ἵνα δέ εἰδῆτε, ὅτι ἐξουσίαν ἔχει ὁ υἱός τοῦ ἀνθρώπου ἀφιέναι ἁμαρτίας, λέγει τῷ ξηράν ἔχοντι τήν χεῖρα˙ ἔκτεινον τήν χεῖρά σου, καί ἐξέτεινε καί ἀποκατέστη ὑγιής ὡς ἡ ἄλλη, διά τοῦ ὁρωμένου θαύματος τό μεῖζον καί ἀόρατον πιστωσάμενος. Οὕτως τόν Ζακχαῖον, οὕτως τήν πόρνην, οὕτως τόν Ματθαῖον ἀπό τοῦ τελωνίου, οὕτως τόν Πέτρον τρίς ἀρνησάμενον, οὕτως τόν παραλυτικόν, ὅν ἰασάμενος καί μετά ταῦτα εὑρών εἶπεν˙ ἴδε ὑγιής γέγονας, μηκέτι ἁμάρτανε, ἵνα μή χεῖρόν τί σοι γένηται. Τοῦτο δέ εἰπών ἔδειξεν, ὅτι δι᾿ ἁμαρτίας ἐκεῖνος εἰς τήν νόσον ἐνέπεσεν καί ταύτης ἀπαλλαγείς (434) ἔλαβεν καί τήν ἄφεσιν τῶν ἰδίων ἁμαρτημάτων, οὐ χρόνων δεηθέντος τούτου τινῶν πολλῶν, οὐ νηστείας, οὐ χαμευνίας, ἀλλ᾿ ἤ μόνον ἐπιστροφῆς καί πίστεως ἀδιστάκτου καί ἐκκοπῆς τοῦ κακοῦ καί μετανοίας ἀληθινῆς καί δακρύων πολλῶν, ὡς ἡ πόρνη καί ὁ Πέτρος ὁ κλαύσας πικρῶς.

Ἐντεῦθεν ἡ ἀρχή τοῦ μεγάλου τούτου δώρου καί Θεῷ μόνῳ πρέποντος, ὁ καί μόνος ἐκέκτητο˙ εἶτα τοῖς μαθηταῖς ἀντ᾿ ἐκείνου καταλιμπάνει τό τοιοῦτον χάρισμα μέλλων πρός τόν οὐρανόν ἀνελθεῖν. Πῶς δέ τήν ἀξίαν ταύτην καί ἐξουσίαν αὐτοῖς ἐπιδέδωκε; Καταμάθωμεν καί τίνας καί πόσους καί πότε. Τούς προκρίτους ἕνδεκα μαθητάς, κεκλεισμένων τῶν θυρῶν καί συνηγμένων ἔνδον ὁμοῦ. Εἰσελθών γάρ καί στάς ἐν μέσῳ αὐτῶν ἐνεφύσησε καί φησι˙ «λάβετε Πνεῦμα Ἅγιον, ἄν τινων ἀφῆτε τάς ἁμαρτίας, ἀφίενται αὐτοῖς, ἄν τινων κρατῆτε, κεκράτηνται», καί οὐδέν περί ἐπιτιμίων τέως αὐτοῖς ἐντέλλεται, ὡς παρά τοῦ Ἁγίου Πνεύματος μέλλοντος διδάσκεσθαι. 13. Ὡς οὖν εἴρηται, κατά διαδοχήν οἱ ἅγιοι Ἀπόστολοι τήν ἐξουσίαν ταύτην μετέπεμπον πρός τούς καί τούς θρόνους ἐπέχοντας αὐτῶν, ὡς τῶν τε λοιπῶν οὐδείς οὐδέ ἐννοῆσαί τι τοιοῦτον ἐτόλμα.Οὕτως ἐφύλαττον μετά ἀκριβείας οἱ μαθηταί τοῦ Κυρίου τό δίκαιον τῆς ἐξουσίας ταύτης. Ἀλλ᾿ ὡς εἴπομεν προϊόντος τοῦ χρόνου συνεχύθησαν καί συνεφύρησαν τοῖς ἀναξίοις οἱ ἄξιοι καί ὑπό τοῦ πλήθους συνεκαλύπτοντο, ἄλλος ἄλλου προέχειν φιλονεικῶν καί τήν προεδρίαν τῇ ἀρετῇ ὑποκρινόμενος. Ἀφ᾿ οὗ γάρ οἱ τούς θρόνους τῶν Ἀποστόλων ἐπέχοντες σαρκικοί καί φιλήδονοι καί φιλόδοξοι ἀπεφάνθησαν καί εἰς αἱρέσεις ἐξέκλιναν, ἐγκατέλιπεν αὐτούς ἡ θεία χάρις, καί ἡ ἐξουσία αὕτη ἐκ τῶν τοιούτων ἀφῄρηται. ∆ιό καί πάντα τά ἄλλα, (435) ἅ οἱ ἱερουργοῦντες ἔχειν ὀφείλουσιν, ἀφέμενοι, τοῦτο μόνον ἀπαιτοῦνται ἔχειν τό ὀρθόδοξον. Οἶμαι δέ οὐδέ τοῦτο˙ οὐδέ γάρ ὁ μή παρεισφέρων νεωστί δόγμα εἰς τήν ἐκκλησίαν τοῦ Θεοῦ οὗτος ὀρθόδοξος, ἀλλ᾿ ὁ βίον τῷ ὀρθῷ λόγῳ κεκτημένος συνᾴδοντα. Τοῦτον δέ καί τόν τοιοῦτον οἱ κατά καιρούς πατριάρχαι καί μητροπολῖται ἤ ζητήσαντες οὐκ ἀπέτυχον ἤ εὑρόντες τόν ἀνάξιον μᾶλλον ἀντ᾿ ἐκείνου προετιμήσαντο, τοῦτο μόνον αὐτόν ἀπαιτοῦντες τό ἐγγράφως ἐκθέσθαι τό τῆς πίστεως σύμβολον, καί τοῦτο