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For he did not say, They break, but what was more grievous, They profane; not only that they are not punished, but that they are even acquitted of the charge; For they are blameless. Do not then suppose this to be like the former case, he says. For that happened only once, and not by a priest, and it was a case of necessity; for this reason they were worthy of forgiveness; but this occurs every Sabbath, and by priests, and in the temple, and according to the law. Therefore they are acquitted of the charges not by forgiveness, but according to the law. For I did not say these things accusingly, he says, nor acquitting them of the charge by forgiveness, but according to the principle of justice. And he seems to be defending them, but he is freeing these from the charges. For when he says, 'Those are blameless;' 'Much more so are these,' he means. But they are not priests. But they are greater than priests. For the Master of the temple Himself is here; the reality, not the type. Therefore he also said, 'But I say to you, that in this place is one greater than the temple.' But nevertheless, though they heard such great things, they said nothing; for the salvation of man was not the matter at hand. Then, since it seemed harsh to the hearers, he quickly veiled it, bringing the argument back to forgiveness, and with a rebuke, saying thus. 'But if you had known what this means, I will have mercy, and not sacrifice, you would not have condemned the guiltless.' Do you see how he again brings the argument to forgiveness, and again shows them to be above forgiveness? 'For you would not have condemned,' he says, 'the guiltless.' The first point he drew from that of the priests, saying in like manner, 'They are blameless.' But this he lays down from himself; or rather, this too from the law; for he read a prophetic saying. 3. Then he also states another reason: 'For the Son of Man,' he says, 'is Lord even of the Sabbath,' speaking of himself. But Mark says that he said this also concerning our common nature; for he said, 'The Sabbath was made for man, and not man for the Sabbath.' Why then was the man gathering sticks punished? Because if the laws were to be despised even at the beginning, they would hardly have been observed later. For the Sabbath was of much and great benefit from the beginning; for example, it made them gentle and kind towards their household; it taught them God's providence and creation; as Ezekiel says; it trained them by degrees to abstain from wickedness, and prepared them to attend to spiritual things. For when he gave the law of the Sabbath, if he had said, 'Do good deeds on the Sabbath, but do not do evil ones,' they would not have borne it; he restrained them from all things alike; 'For you shall do no work,' 57.437 he says; and not even so were they restrained. But He himself, in giving the law of the Sabbath, also hinted in this way that He wishes them to abstain from wicked things only. 'For you shall do no work,' he says, 'except what must be done for a soul.' And in the temple everything was done, and with greater diligence, and with double the work. Thus even through the shadow itself He opened the truth to them. Did Christ then, he asks, abolish so great a benefit? May it not be; but He even greatly enhanced it. For it was time for them to be instructed in all things through higher means, and the hands of one who was freed from wickedness, and winged towards all good things, ought not to be bound; nor from this to learn that God made all things; nor from this to be gentle, those who are called to the very imitation of God's love for man; ('For be merciful,' he says, 'as your heavenly Father is merciful;') nor to keep one day as a festival, those who are commanded to keep their whole life as a festival; ('For let us keep the feast,' he says, 'not with old leaven, nor with the leaven of malice and wickedness, but with the unleavened bread of sincerity and truth;') nor indeed to stand by an ark and a golden altar, those who have the Master of all dwelling in them, and who converse with Him through all things, both through prayer, and through offering, and through the Scriptures, and through almsgiving, and through having Him within. What need, then, of a Sabbath for one who is always keeping a festival, for one whose citizenship is in heaven? Let us therefore keep a perpetual festival, and do nothing wicked; for this is a festival; but let the

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γὰρ εἶπε, Λύουσιν, ἀλλὰ τὸ φορτικώτερον, Βεβηλοῦσι· τὸ μὴ μόνον μὴ δίκην διδόναι, ἀλλὰ καὶ αἰτίας ἀπηλλάχθαι· Ἀναίτιοι γάρ εἰσι. Μὴ δὴ νομίσητε τοῦτο ὅμοιον εἶναι, φησὶ, τῷ προτέρῳ. Ἐκεῖνο μὲν γὰρ καὶ ἅπαξ γέγονε, καὶ οὐχ ὑπὸ ἱερέως, καὶ ἀνάγκης ἦν· διὰ τοῦτο καὶ συγγνώμης ἐγένοντο ἄξιοι· τοῦτο δὲ καὶ καθ' ἕκαστον σάββατον, καὶ ὑπὸ ἱερέων, καὶ ἐν ἱερῷ, καὶ κατὰ νόμον. ∆ιόπερ οὐδὲ κατὰ συγγνώμην, ἀλλὰ κατὰ νόμον εἰσὶν ἀπηλλαγμένοι τῶν ἐγκλημάτων. Οὐδὲ γὰρ ἐγκαλῶν ταῦτα εἶπον, φησὶν, οὐδὲ κατὰ συγγνώμην αὐτοὺς αἰτίας ἀπαλλάττων, ἀλλὰ κατὰ τὸν τοῦ δικαίου λόγον. Καὶ δοκεῖ μὲν ὑπὲρ ἐκείνων ἀπολογεῖσθαι, τούτους δὲ ἐλευθεροῖ τῶν ἐγκλημάτων. Ὅταν γὰρ εἴπῃ· Ἀναίτιοί εἰσιν ἐκεῖνοι· Πολλῷ μᾶλλον οὗτοι, φησίν. Ἀλλ' οὐκ εἰσὶν ἱερεῖς. Ἀλλ' ἱερέων μείζους. Αὐτὸς γὰρ πάρεστιν ἐνταῦθα ὁ τοῦ ἱεροῦ ∆εσπότης· ἡ ἀλήθεια, οὐχ ὁ τύπος. ∆ιὸ καὶ ἔλεγε· Λέγω δὲ ὑμῖν, ὅτι τοῦ ἱεροῦ μεῖζόν ἐστιν ὧδε. Ἀλλ' ὅμως τηλικαῦτα ἀκούσαντες, οὐδὲν εἶπον· οὐ γὰρ ἦν σωτηρία ἀνθρώπου τὸ προκείμενον. Εἶτα ἐπειδὴ βαρὺ τοῖς ἀκούουσιν ἐδόκει εἶναι, ταχέως αὐτὸ συνεκάλυψε, πάλιν ἐπὶ συγγνώμην τὸν λόγον ἄγων, καὶ μετὰ ἐπιπλήξεως καὶ οὕτω λέγων. Εἰ δὲ ἐγνώκειτε τί ἐστιν, Ἔλεον θέλω, καὶ οὐ θυσίαν, οὐκ ἂν κατεδικάσατε τοὺς ἀναιτίους. Εἶδες πῶς πάλιν ἐπὶ συγγνώμην ἄγει τὸν λόγον, καὶ πάλιν συγγνώμης ἀνωτέρους ἀποφαίνει; Οὐ γὰρ ἂν κατεδικάσατε, φησὶ, τοὺς ἀναιτίους. Τὸ μὲν πρότερον συνήγαγε τὸ τῶν ἱερέων εἰς τὸ αὐτὸ λέγων, Ἀναίτιοί εἰσι. Τοῦτο δὲ ἀφ' ἑαυτοῦ τίθησι· μᾶλλον δὲ καὶ τοῦτο ἀπὸ τοῦ νόμου· προφητικὴν γὰρ ἀνέγνω ῥῆσιν. γʹ. Εἶτα καὶ ἄλλην αἰτίαν λέγει· Κύριος γὰρ, φησὶν, ἐστὶ τοῦ σαββάτου ὁ Υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου, περὶ ἑαυτοῦ λέγων. Ὁ δὲ Μάρκος καὶ περὶ τῆς κοινῆς φύσεως αὐτὸν τοῦτο εἰρηκέναι φησίν· ἔλεγε γάρ· Τὸ σάββατον διὰ τὸν ἄνθρωπον ἐγένετο, οὐχ ὁ ἄνθρωπος διὰ τὸ σάββατον. Τίνος οὖν ἕνεκεν ἐκολάζετο ὁ τὰ ξύλα συνάγων; Ὅτι εἰ ἔμελλον καὶ ἐν ἀρχῇ καταφρονεῖσθαι οἱ νόμοι, σχολῇ γ' ἂν ὕστερον ἐφυλάχθησαν. Καὶ γὰρ πολλὰ ὠφέλει παρὰ τὴν ἀρχὴν τὸ σάββατον καὶ μεγάλα· οἷον, ἡμέρους ἐποίει πρὸς τοὺς οἰκείους εἶναι καὶ φιλανθρώπους· ἐδίδασκεν αὐτοὺς τοῦ Θεοῦ τὴν πρόνοιαν καὶ τὴν δημιουργίαν· ὅπερ φησὶν ὁ Ἰεζεχιήλ· ἐπαίδευσεν αὐτοὺς κατὰ μικρὸν ἀπέχεσθαι πονηρίας, καὶ τοῖς πνευματικοῖς προσέχειν παρεσκεύαζεν. Ἐπειδὴ γὰρ, τὸν νόμον διδοὺς τὸν τοῦ σαββάτου, εἰ εἶπε, Τὰ μὲν ἀγαθὰ πράττετε ἐν τῷ σαββάτῳ, τὰ δὲ κακὰ μὴ ποιεῖτε, οὐκ ἂν ἠνέσχοντο· ἁπάντων ὁμοίως ἀπεῖργε· Μηδὲν γὰρ ποιήσητε, 57.437 φησί· καὶ οὐδὲ οὕτω κατείχοντο. Αὐτὸς δὲ καὶ τὸν νόμον διδοὺς τὸν τοῦ σαββάτου, καὶ οὕτως ᾐνίξατο, ὅτι τῶν πονηρῶν αὐτοὺς ἀπέχεσθαι βούλεται μόνον. Μηδὲν γὰρ ποιήσητε, φησὶ, πλὴν ὧν ποιηθήσεται ψυχῇ. Καὶ ἐν τῷ ἱερῷ δὲ πάντα ἐγίνετο, καὶ μετὰ πλείονος τῆς σπουδῆς, καὶ διπλασίονος τῆς ἐργασίας. Οὕτω καὶ δι' αὐτῆς τῆς σκιᾶς τὴν ἀλήθειαν αὐτοῖς παρήνοιγε. Τοσοῦτον οὖν κέρδος, φησὶν, ἔλυσεν ὁ Χριστός; Μὴ γένοιτο· ἀλλὰ καὶ σφόδρα ἐπέτεινε. Καιρὸς γὰρ ἦν διὰ τῶν ὑψηλοτέρων αὐτοὺς πάντα παιδεύεσθαι, καὶ οὐκ ἔδει δεδέσθαι τὰς χεῖρας τοῦ πονηρίας μὲν ἀπηλλαγμένου, πρὸς δὲ τὰ ἀγαθὰ πάντα ἐπτερωμένου· οὐδὲ ἐντεῦθεν μανθάνειν, ὅτι ὁ Θεὸς ἅπαντα ἐποίησεν· οὐδὲ ἐντεῦθεν ἡμέρους εἶναι τοὺς πρὸς αὐτὴν τοῦ Θεοῦ τῆς φιλανθρωπίας τὴν μίμησιν καλουμένους· (Γίνεσθε γὰρ, φησὶν, οἰκτίρμονες ὡς ὁ Πατὴρ ὑμῶν ὁ οὐράνιος·) οὐδὲ μίαν ἡμέραν ἑορτάζειν τοὺς πάντα τὸν βίον ἑορτὴν ἄγειν κελευομένους· (Ἑορτάζωμεν γὰρ, φησὶ, μὴ ἐν ζύμῃ παλαιᾷ, μηδὲ ἐν ζύμῃ κακίας καὶ πονηρίας, ἀλλ' ἐν ἀζύμοις εἰλικρινείας καὶ ἀληθείας·) οὐδὲ γὰρ παρὰ κιβωτὸν ἑστάναι καὶ θυσιαστήριον χρυσοῦν τοὺς αὐτὸν τὸν πάντων ∆εσπότην ἔνοικον ἔχοντας, καὶ διὰ πάντων ὁμιλοῦντας αὐτῷ, καὶ δι' εὐχῆς, καὶ διὰ προσφορᾶς, καὶ διὰ Γραφῶν, καὶ δι' ἐλεημοσύνης, καὶ διὰ τοῦ ἔχειν αὐτὸν ἔνδον. Τί τοίνυν σαββάτου χρεία τῷ διαπαντὸς ἑορτάζοντι, τῷ πολιτευομένῳ ἐν οὐρανῷ; Ἑορτάζωμεν τοίνυν διηνεκῶς, καὶ μηδὲν πονηρὸν πράττωμεν· τοῦτο γὰρ ἑορτή· ἀλλ' ἐπιτεινέσθω μὲν τὰ