Origen of Alexandria, Against Celsus

If Celsus had read the Scriptures in an impartial spirit, he would not have said that “our writings are incapable of admitting an allegorical meaning.” For from the prophetic Scriptures, in which historical events are recorded (not from the historical), it is possible to be convinced that the historical portions also were written with an allegorical purpose, and were most skilfully adapted not only to the multitude of the simpler believers, but also to the few who are able or willing to investigate matters in an intelligent spirit. If, indeed, those writers at the present day who are deemed by Celsus the “more modest of the Jews and Christians” were the (first) allegorical interpreters of our Scriptures, he would have the appearance, perhaps, of making a plausible allegation. But since the very fathers and authors of the doctrines themselves give them an allegorical signification, what other inference can be drawn than that they were composed so as to be allegorically understood in their chief signification?841 κατὰ τὸν προηούμενον νοῦν. And we shall adduce a few instances out of very many to show that Celsus brings an empty charge against the Scriptures, when he says “that they are incapable of admitting an allegorical meaning.” Paul, the apostle of Jesus, says: “It is written in the law, Thou shalt not muzzle the mouth of the ox that treadeth out the corn. Doth God take care for oxen? or saith He it altogether for our sakes? For our sakes, no doubt, this is written, that he that plougheth should plough in hope, and he that thresheth in hope of partaking.”842 Cf. 1 Cor. ix. 9, 10 and Deut. xxv. 4. And in another passage the same Paul says: “For it is written, For this cause shall a man leave his father and mother and shall be joined to his wife, and they two shall be one flesh. This is a great mystery; but I speak concerning Christ and the Church.”843 Cf. Eph. v. 31, 32. Cf. Gen. ii. 24. And again, in another place: “We know that all our fathers were under the cloud, and all passed through the sea; and were all baptized unto Moses in the cloud, and in the sea.”844 Cf. 1 Cor. x. 1, 2. Then, explaining the history relating to the manna, and that referring to the miraculous issue of the water from the rock, he continues as follows: “And they did all eat the same spiritual meat, and did all drink the same spiritual drink. For they drank of that spiritual Rock that followed them, and that Rock was Christ.”845 Cf. 1 Cor. x. 3, 4. Asaph, moreover, who, in showing the histories in Exodus and Numbers to be full of difficulties and parables,846 προβλήματα καὶ παραβολαί. begins in the following manner, as recorded in the book of Psalms, where he is about to make mention of these things: “Give ear, O my people, to my law: incline your ears to the words of my mouth. I will open my mouth in parables; I will utter dark sayings of old, which we have heard and known, and our fathers have told us.”847 Cf. Ps. lxxviii. 1–3.

Εἰ δ' ἀδεκάστως ἀνεγνώκει τὴν γραφὴν ὁ Κέλσος, οὐκ ἂν εἶπεν οὐχ οἷα ἀλληγορίαν ἐπιδέχεσθαι εἶναι τὰ γράμματα ἡμῶν. Ἀπὸ γὰρ τῶν προφητειῶν, ἐν αἷς τὰ ἀπὸ τῆς ἱστορίας γέγραπται, οὐχ ὡς ἀπὸ τῆς ἱστορίας ἔστι προσαχθῆναι καὶ ταῖς ἱστορίαις ὡς σκοπῷ τροπολογίας γεγραμμέναις καὶ σοφώτατα οἰκονομηθείσαις, ἐστοχασμένως τοῦ τε πλήθους τῶν ἁπλούστερον πιστευόντων καὶ τῶν ὀλίγων μετὰ συνέσεως ἐξετάζειν τὰ πράγματα βουλομένων ἢ καὶ δυναμένων. Καὶ εἰ μὲν οἱ σήμερον νομιζόμενοι κατὰ Κέλσον ἐπιεικεῖς ἀπὸ Ἰουδαίων καὶ Χριστιανῶν ἠλληγόρουν τὰ γεγραμμένα, τάχα ἂν πιθανόν τι λέγειν ὑπενοεῖτο ὁ Κέλσος· ἐπεὶ δ' αὐτοὶ οἱ πατέρες τῶν δογμάτων καὶ συγγραφεῖς τὰ τοιαῦτα τροπολογοῦσι, τί ἐστιν ἄλλο ὑπονοῆσαι ἢ ὅτι οὕτως ἐγράφη, ὥστε τροπολογεῖσθαι αὐτὰ κατὰ τὸν προηγούμενον νοῦν; Ὀλίγα δ' ἀπὸ πάνυ πολλῶν παραθησόμεθα πρὸς τὸ δεῖξαι ὅτι μάτην συκοφαντεῖ τοὺς λόγους ὁ Κέλσος ὡς οὐχ οἵους τε ἐπιδέξασθαι ἀλληγορίαν. Φησὶ δὴ ὁ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ ἀπόστολος Παῦλος· "Ἐν τῷ νόμῳ γέγραπται· οὐ φιμώσεις βοῦν ἀλοῶντα. Μὴ τῶν βοῶν μέλει τῷ θεῷ; Ἢ δι' ἡμᾶς πάντως λέγει; ∆ι' ἡμᾶς γὰρ ἐγράφη ὅτι ὀφείλει ἐπ' ἐλπίδι ὁ ἀροτριῶν ἀροτριᾶν, καὶ ὁ ἀλοῶν ἐπ' ἐλπίδι τοῦ μετέχειν." Καὶ ἀλλαχοῦ φησιν ὁ αὐτός· "Γέγραπται γὰρ ὅτι ἕνεκεν τούτου καταλείψει ἄνθρωπος τὸν πατέρα καὶ τὴν μητέρα καὶ προσκολληθήσεται πρὸς τὴν γυναῖκα αὐτοῦ, καὶ ἔσονται οἱ δύο εἰς σάρκα μίαν. Τὸ μυστήριον τοῦτο μέγα ἐστίν, ἐγὼ δὲ λέγω εἰς Χριστὸν καὶ εἰς τὴν ἐκκλησίαν"· καὶ πάλιν ἐν ἄλλῳ τόπῳ· "Οἴδαμεν δ' ὅτι οἱ πατέρες ἡμῶν πάντες ὑπὸ τὴν νεφέλην ἦσαν, καὶ πάντες διὰ τῆς θαλάσσης διῆλθον, καὶ πάντες εἰς τὸν Μωϋσῆν ἐβαπτίσαντο ἐν τῇ νεφέλῃ καὶ ἐν τῇ θαλάσσῃ." Εἶθ' ἑρμηνεύων τὴν περὶ τοῦ μάννα ἱστορίαν καὶ τὴν περὶ τοῦ ὕδατος ἐκ πέτρας ἐξεληλυθέναι ἀναγεγραμμένου παραδόξως τοιαῦτα λέγει· "Καὶ πάντες τὸ αὐτὸ βρῶμα πνευματικὸν ἔφαγον, καὶ πάντες τὸ αὐτὸ πνευματικὸν ἔπιον πόμα· ἔπινον γὰρ ἐκ πνευματικῆς ἀκολουθούσης πέτρας, ἡ δὲ πέτρα ἦν ὁ Χριστός." Παριστὰς δὲ ὁ Ἀσὰφ ὅτι "προβλήματα" καὶ "παραβολαί" εἰσιν αἱ κατὰ τὴν Ἔξοδον ἱστορίαι καὶ τοὺς Ἀριθμούς, ὡς ἐν τῇ βίβλῳ τῶν Ψαλμῶν γέγραπται, μέλλων αὐτῶν ὑπομιμνήσ κεσθαι τοῦτον προοιμιάζεται τὸν τρόπον· "Προσέχετε λαός μου τῷ νόμῳ μου, κλίνατε τὸ οὖς ὑμῶν εἰς τὰ ῥήματα τοῦ στόματός μου. Ἀνοίξω ἐν παραβολαῖς τὸ στόμα μου, φθέγξομαι προβλήματα ἀπ' ἀρχῆς, ὅσα ἠκούσαμεν καὶ ἔγνωμεν αὐτά, καὶ οἱ πατέρες ἡμῶν διηγήσαντο ἡμῖν."