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as a man bestowing the forgiveness of sins; for he says to them, "but that you may know that the Son of Man has authority to forgive sins," he says to the one who had the withered hand, "stretch out your hand," and he stretched it out, and it was restored, as healthy as the other, confirming the greater and unseen [thing] through the seen miracle. Thus Zacchaeus, thus the prostitute, thus Matthew from the tax collector's booth, thus Peter who denied him three times, thus the paralytic, whom, after healing and finding him later, he said: "See, you are well! Sin no more, that nothing worse may happen to you." And by saying this, he showed that it was through sin that man had fallen into the sickness, and having been delivered from this (434), he also received the forgiveness of his own sins, this requiring not a long time, nor fasting, nor sleeping on the ground, but only conversion and unwavering faith and cutting off of evil and true repentance and many tears, like the prostitute and Peter who wept bitterly.

Hence is the beginning of this great gift, which is fitting for God alone, who alone also possessed it; then, in place of himself, he leaves this gift to the disciples as he is about to ascend to heaven. But how did he bestow this worth and authority on them? Let us learn to whom, and how many, and when. To the chosen eleven disciples, when the doors were locked and they were gathered together inside. For coming in and standing in their midst, he breathed on them and says, "Receive the Holy Spirit. If you forgive the sins of any, they are forgiven them; if you retain the sins of any, they are retained," and for the time being he commands them nothing about penances, as they were to be taught by the Holy Spirit.

13. As has been said, then, in succession the holy Apostles transmitted this authority to those who also held their thrones, as none of the rest dared even to think such a thing. Thus the disciples of the Lord guarded with exactness the right of this authority. But, as we said, as time went on, the worthy were confused and mixed up with the unworthy and were obscured by the multitude, one striving to surpass another and feigning the presidency by virtue. For from the time that those holding the thrones of the Apostles were revealed to be carnal and lovers of pleasure and lovers of glory and turned aside into heresies, the divine grace abandoned them, and this authority has been taken away from such men. Wherefore, having let go of all the other things (435) which those who perform sacred rites ought to have, they are required to have only this: orthodoxy. But I think not even this; for he who does not newly introduce a dogma into the church of God is not orthodox, but he who has acquired a life that is in harmony with right reason. But this man, and such a man, the patriarchs and metropolitans of the time either sought and did not fail, or having found him, preferred the unworthy man instead of him, requiring of him only this, to set forth in writing the symbol of faith, and accepting only this, that he be zealous neither for the good nor fight against anyone for the sake of evil, as if thereby procuring peace for the church, which is worse than all enmity and a cause of great disorder. From this, then, the priests became worthless and have become like the people. For since none of them were salt, as the Lord said, so that by their rebukes they might tighten and check in some way the dissolute life, but rather condoning and covering up one another's passions, they themselves became worse than the people, and the people worse than them. But some of the people were revealed to be even better than the priests, appearing like coals in their lightless gloom. For if they, according to the word of the Lord, had shone in their life like the sun, the gleaming coals would not have been seen, but would have been shown to be dimmed by the brighter light. But since only the outward appearance and the vestment of the priesthood was left among men, the gift of the spirit to the

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ὡς ἄνθρωπον τήν ἄφεσιν τῶν ἡμαρτημένων δωρούμενον˙ φησί γάρ πρός αὐτούς, ἵνα δέ εἰδῆτε, ὅτι ἐξουσίαν ἔχει ὁ υἱός τοῦ ἀνθρώπου ἀφιέναι ἁμαρτίας, λέγει τῷ ξηράν ἔχοντι τήν χεῖρα˙ ἔκτεινον τήν χεῖρά σου, καί ἐξέτεινε καί ἀποκατέστη ὑγιής ὡς ἡ ἄλλη, διά τοῦ ὁρωμένου θαύματος τό μεῖζον καί ἀόρατον πιστωσάμενος. Οὕτως τόν Ζακχαῖον, οὕτως τήν πόρνην, οὕτως τόν Ματθαῖον ἀπό τοῦ τελωνίου, οὕτως τόν Πέτρον τρίς ἀρνησάμενον, οὕτως τόν παραλυτικόν, ὅν ἰασάμενος καί μετά ταῦτα εὑρών εἶπεν˙ ἴδε ὑγιής γέγονας, μηκέτι ἁμάρτανε, ἵνα μή χεῖρόν τί σοι γένηται. Τοῦτο δέ εἰπών ἔδειξεν, ὅτι δι᾿ ἁμαρτίας ἐκεῖνος εἰς τήν νόσον ἐνέπεσεν καί ταύτης ἀπαλλαγείς (434) ἔλαβεν καί τήν ἄφεσιν τῶν ἰδίων ἁμαρτημάτων, οὐ χρόνων δεηθέντος τούτου τινῶν πολλῶν, οὐ νηστείας, οὐ χαμευνίας, ἀλλ᾿ ἤ μόνον ἐπιστροφῆς καί πίστεως ἀδιστάκτου καί ἐκκοπῆς τοῦ κακοῦ καί μετανοίας ἀληθινῆς καί δακρύων πολλῶν, ὡς ἡ πόρνη καί ὁ Πέτρος ὁ κλαύσας πικρῶς.

Ἐντεῦθεν ἡ ἀρχή τοῦ μεγάλου τούτου δώρου καί Θεῷ μόνῳ πρέποντος, ὁ καί μόνος ἐκέκτητο˙ εἶτα τοῖς μαθηταῖς ἀντ᾿ ἐκείνου καταλιμπάνει τό τοιοῦτον χάρισμα μέλλων πρός τόν οὐρανόν ἀνελθεῖν. Πῶς δέ τήν ἀξίαν ταύτην καί ἐξουσίαν αὐτοῖς ἐπιδέδωκε; Καταμάθωμεν καί τίνας καί πόσους καί πότε. Τούς προκρίτους ἕνδεκα μαθητάς, κεκλεισμένων τῶν θυρῶν καί συνηγμένων ἔνδον ὁμοῦ. Εἰσελθών γάρ καί στάς ἐν μέσῳ αὐτῶν ἐνεφύσησε καί φησι˙ «λάβετε Πνεῦμα Ἅγιον, ἄν τινων ἀφῆτε τάς ἁμαρτίας, ἀφίενται αὐτοῖς, ἄν τινων κρατῆτε, κεκράτηνται», καί οὐδέν περί ἐπιτιμίων τέως αὐτοῖς ἐντέλλεται, ὡς παρά τοῦ Ἁγίου Πνεύματος μέλλοντος διδάσκεσθαι.

13. Ὡς οὖν εἴρηται, κατά διαδοχήν οἱ ἅγιοι Ἀπόστολοι τήν ἐξουσίαν ταύτην μετέπεμπον πρός τούς καί τούς θρόνους ἐπέχοντας αὐτῶν, ὡς τῶν τε λοιπῶν οὐδείς οὐδέ ἐννοῆσαί τι τοιοῦτον ἐτόλμα.Οὕτως ἐφύλαττον μετά ἀκριβείας οἱ μαθηταί τοῦ Κυρίου τό δίκαιον τῆς ἐξουσίας ταύτης. Ἀλλ᾿ ὡς εἴπομεν προϊόντος τοῦ χρόνου συνεχύθησαν καί συνεφύρησαν τοῖς ἀναξίοις οἱ ἄξιοι καί ὑπό τοῦ πλήθους συνεκαλύπτοντο, ἄλλος ἄλλου προέχειν φιλονεικῶν καί τήν προεδρίαν τῇ ἀρετῇ ὑποκρινόμενος. Ἀφ᾿ οὗ γάρ οἱ τούς θρόνους τῶν Ἀποστόλων ἐπέχοντες σαρκικοί καί φιλήδονοι καί φιλόδοξοι ἀπεφάνθησαν καί εἰς αἱρέσεις ἐξέκλιναν, ἐγκατέλιπεν αὐτούς ἡ θεία χάρις, καί ἡ ἐξουσία αὕτη ἐκ τῶν τοιούτων ἀφῄρηται. ∆ιό καί πάντα τά ἄλλα, (435) ἅ οἱ ἱερουργοῦντες ἔχειν ὀφείλουσιν, ἀφέμενοι, τοῦτο μόνον ἀπαιτοῦνται ἔχειν τό ὀρθόδοξον. Οἶμαι δέ οὐδέ τοῦτο˙ οὐδέ γάρ ὁ μή παρεισφέρων νεωστί δόγμα εἰς τήν ἐκκλησίαν τοῦ Θεοῦ οὗτος ὀρθόδοξος, ἀλλ᾿ ὁ βίον τῷ ὀρθῷ λόγῳ κεκτημένος συνᾴδοντα. Τοῦτον δέ καί τόν τοιοῦτον οἱ κατά καιρούς πατριάρχαι καί μητροπολῖται ἤ ζητήσαντες οὐκ ἀπέτυχον ἤ εὑρόντες τόν ἀνάξιον μᾶλλον ἀντ᾿ ἐκείνου προετιμήσαντο, τοῦτο μόνον αὐτόν ἀπαιτοῦντες τό ἐγγράφως ἐκθέσθαι τό τῆς πίστεως σύμβολον, καί τοῦτο μόνον ἀποδεχόμενοι τό μήτε ὑπέρ τοῦ ἀγαθοῦ ζηλωτήν εἶναι μήτε διά τό κακόν τινι ἀντιμάχεσθαι, εἰρήνην ὥσπερ ἐντεῦθεν τῇ ἐκκλησίᾳ περιποιούμενοι, ὅ χεῖρον πάσης ἔχθρας ἐστί καί μεγάλης ἀκαταστασίας αἴτιον. Ἐκ τούτου οὖν οἱ ἱερεῖς ἠχρειώθησαν καί γεγόνασιν ὡς ὁ λαός. Μή ὄντων γάρ τινων ἐξ αὐτῶν ἅλας, ὡς ὁ Κύριος ἔφη, ἵνα διά τῶν ἐλέγχων σφίγγωσι καί ἀναστέλλωσι κἄν ὁπωσοῦν τόν διαρρέοντα βίον, ἀλλά συγγινωσκόντων μᾶλλον καί συγκαλυπτόντων ἀλλήλων τά πάθη ἐγένοντο χείρους μέν αὐτοί τοῦ λαοῦ, χείρων δέ αὐτῶν ὁ λαός. Τινές δέ τοῦ λαοῦ καί κρείττονες ἀπεφάνθησαν μᾶλλον τῶν ἱερέων, ἐν τῷ ἐκείνων ἀφεγγεῖ ζόφῳ ὡς ἄνθρακες οὗτοι φαινόμενοι. Εἰ γάρ ἐκεῖνοι κατά τόν τοῦ Κυρίου λόγον ἔλαμπον τῷ βίῳ ὡς ὁ ἥλιος, οὐκ ἄν ὡρῶντο οἱ ἄνθρακες διαυγάζοντες, ἀλλ᾿ ὑπό τοῦ τρανοτέρου φωτός ἠμαυρωμένοι ἐδείκνυντο ἄν. Ἐπεί δέ τό πρόσχημα μόνον καί τό τῆς ἱερωσύνης ἔνδυμα ἐν τοῖς ἀνθρώποις ἐναπελείφθη, τῆς τοῦ πνεύματος δωρεᾶς ἐπί τούς