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some people think. How then 55.380 shall we show it? If first we should distinguish, and define, what meekness is, and what harshness is. For neither is striking, simply harshness, nor is sparing, meekness; but that man is meek, who is able to bear offenses against himself, and who defends the wronged, and becomes a vehement avenger of those who are insulted; as he who is not such a man, is sluggish, and sleepy, and is in no better state than a corpse, is not meek, nor gentle. To overlook the wronged, not to grieve for the wronged, nor to be angry with those who insult them, is not of virtue, but of wickedness; not of meekness, therefore, but of sluggishness. So this very thing shows his meekness, and that he was so fervent as even to leap forward, when he saw others being wronged, unable to restrain his indignation on behalf of justice; for when he himself suffered ill, he neither defended himself, nor went out against them, but remained philosophizing continually. But if he were harsh and wrathful, one who was so zealous and inflamed on behalf of others would not have consented to be quiet on his own behalf, but would much rather have become enraged then. For you know that we grieve more for our own affairs than for those of others. But when others were suffering ill, he defended them no less than the sufferers themselves; but the offenses done to himself he passed over with much endurance, being excellent in both respects, showing in the one his hatred of evil, and in the other his long-suffering. But what ought he to have done, tell me? To overlook injustice being done, and the evil spreading to the multitude? But this was not the part of a leader of the people, nor of one who is long-suffering and patient, but of one who is sluggish and listless. But you do not blame a physician for checking with an incision the gangrene that is spreading through the whole body, but you say that he is most harsh, who wished to check with a harsher blow a disease much more grievous than gangrene flowing through the whole people? But these are the words of an ungrateful judge. For it was necessary for the leader of so great a people, leading a nation so stiff-necked, and harsh and unruly, to check them in the beginning, and to cut them off at the door, so that the terrible thing might not advance further. But he sank, he says, Dathan and Abiram. What do you say? And was it necessary to overlook the priesthood being trampled upon, and God's laws being overturned, and that which holds all things together being dissolved, I mean the dignity of the priesthood, and to make the holy of holies accessible to all, and from carelessness concerning these men to set an example for those who wish to trample upon the sacred precincts, and for all things to be turned upside down? But this was not at all of meekness, but of inhumanity and cruelty, to overlook so great an evil growing, and by sparing two hundred, to destroy so many myriads. For tell me, when he commanded to slay their kinsmen, what ought he to have done, with God being angry, with impiety growing, when there was no one who could snatch them from the wrath? to allow the blow from heaven to be brought upon all the tribes, and to deliver the race to utter destruction, and with the punishment to overlook the sin also becoming incurable? or by the punishment 55.381 and death of a few bodies both to do away with the sin, and to check the wrath, and to make God merciful to those who had committed such offenses? If you examine the just man's actions in this way, you will see from this that he is most meek. II. But leaving these things from what has been said for the studious to gather, so that we may not make the digression greater than the matter in hand, let us go on to the subject before us. And what was the subject before us? Remember, O Lord, David, and all his meekness: how he swore to the Lord, he vowed to the God of Jacob. Having proposed to speak about meekness, leaving aside the narration of the events concerning Saul, concerning his brothers, of Jonathan, the long-suffering in the case of the

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νομίζουσί τινες. Πῶς οὖν 55.380 δείξομεν; Εἰ πρότερον διακρίναιμεν, καὶ ὁρισαίμεθα, τί ποτέ ἐστι πραότης, καὶ τί τραχύτης. Οὐδὲ γὰρ τὸ πλήττειν, τραχύτητος ἁπλῶς, οὐδὲ τὸ φείδεσθαι, πραότητος· ἀλλὰ πρᾶος ἐκεῖνός ἐστιν, ὁ τὰ εἰς ἑαυτὸν πλημμελήματα φέρειν δυνάμενος, καὶ ὁ τοῖς ἀδικουμένοις ἀμύνων, καὶ σφοδρὸς ἔκδικος τῶν ἐπηρεαζομένων γινόμενος· ὡς ὅ γε μὴ τοιοῦτος, νωθὴς, καὶ ὑπνηλὸς, καὶ νεκροῦ οὐδὲν ἄμεινον διακείμενος, οὐ πρᾶος, οὐδὲ ἐπιεικής. Τὸ παρορᾷν ἀδικουμένους, τὸ μὴ ἀλγεῖν ὑπὲρ τῶν ἀδικουμένων, μηδὲ θυμοῦσθαι τοῖς ἐπηρεάζουσιν, οὐκ ἀρετῆς, ἀλλὰ κακίας· οὐκ ἄρα πραότητος, ἀλλὰ νωθείας. Ὥστε αὐτὸ δὴ τοῦτο δείκνυσιν αὐτοῦ τὴν πραότητα, καὶ ὅτι οὕτως ἦν θερμὸς, ὡς καὶ προπηδᾷν, ἐν οἷς ἑτέρους ἀδικουμένους ἑώρα, κατέχειν οὐ δυνάμενος τὴν ὑπὲρ τοῦ δικαίου ἀγανάκτησιν· ἡνίκα γοῦν αὐτὸς κακῶς ἔπασχεν, οὔτε ἠμύνατο, οὔτε ἐπεξῄει, ἀλλ' ἔμεινε φιλοσοφῶν διηνεκῶς. Εἰ δὲ τραχὺς ἦν, καὶ ὀργίλος, οὐκ ἂν ὑπὲρ ἑτέρων ὁ οὕτω ζέων καὶ διαθερμαινόμενος, ὑπὲρ τῶν αὐτοῦ ἂν κατεδέξατο ἡσυχάσαι, ἀλλὰ πολὺ μᾶλλον τότε ἂν ἐξηγριώθη. Ἴστε γὰρ, ὅτι μᾶλλον ἐπὶ τοῖς οἰκείοις ἢ τοῖς ἀλλοτρίοις ἀλγοῦμεν. Ἐκεῖνος δὲ τῶν μὲν ἄλλων πασχόντων κακῶς, αὐτῶν οὐκ ἔλαττον τῶν πασχόντων ἠμύνετο· τὰ δὲ εἰς αὐτὸν γινόμενα πλημμελήματα μετὰ πολλῆς παρέτρεχε τῆς καρτερίας, ἐν ἑκατέροις ἄκρος ὢν, καὶ τῷ μὲν τὸ μισοπόνηρον, τῷ δὲ τὸ μακρόθυμον ἐπιδεικνύμενος. Ἀλλὰ τί ποιεῖν ἐχρῆν, εἰπέ μοι; περιορᾷν τὴν ἀδικίαν γινομένην, καὶ εἰς τὸ πλῆθος ἐκβαῖνον τὸ κακόν; Ἀλλ' οὐκ ἦν τοῦτο δημαγωγοῦ, οὐδὲ μακροθύμου τινὸς καὶ ἀνεξικάκου, ἀλλὰ νωθροῦ καὶ ἀναπεπτωκότος. Σὺ δὲ ἰατρῷ μὲν οὐκ ἐγκαλεῖς τὴν σηπεδόνα βαδίζουσαν κατὰ παντὸς τοῦ σώματος προαναστέλλοντι τῇ τομῇ, ἐκεῖνον δὲ τραχύτατον εἶναι φῂς, τὸν νόσον πολλῷ σηπεδόνος χαλεπωτέραν κατὰ παντὸς ῥέουσαν τοῦ δήμου βουληθέντα ἀναχαιτίσαι πληγῇ τραχυτέρᾳ; Ἀλλὰ ταῦτα ἀγνώμονος δικαστοῦ. Τὸν γὰρ προστάτην δήμου τοσούτου, καὶ ἔθνος οὕτω σκληρὸν ἄγοντα, καὶ τραχὺ καὶ δυσήνιον, ἐν προοιμίοις ἀναστέλλειν ἐχρῆν, καὶ ἐκ προθύρων ἀνακόπτειν, ὥστε μὴ περαιτέρω προβαίνειν τὸ δεινόν. Ἀλλὰ κατέδυσε, φησὶ, ∆αθὰν, καὶ Ἀβειρών. Τί λέγεις; καὶ ἔδει περιιδεῖν ἱερωσύνην πατουμένην, καὶ Θεοῦ νόμους ἀνατρεπομένους, καὶ τὸ συνέχον ἅπαντα διαλυόμενον, λέγω δὴ τὸ τῆς ἱερωσύνης ἀξίωμα, καὶ πᾶσι βατὰ ποιῆσαι τὰ ἄδυτα, καὶ ἀπὸ τῆς περὶ τούτους ῥᾳθυμίας προθεῖναι τοῖς βουλομένοις τοὺς ἱεροὺς καταπατεῖν περιβόλους, καὶ πάντα ἄνω καὶ κάτω γίνεσθαι; Ἀλλὰ ταῦτα μάλιστα πραότητος οὐκ ἦν, ἀλλὰ ἀπανθρωπίας καὶ ὠμότητος, τὸ περιιδεῖν τοσοῦτον κακὸν αὐξόμενον, καὶ φειδόμενον διακοσίων, ἀπολέσαι μυριάδας τοσαύτας. Εἰπὲ γάρ μοι, ὅτε ἐκέλευσε σφάξαι τοὺς προσήκοντας, τί ποιῆσαι ἐχρῆν, ὀργιζομένου Θεοῦ, τῆς ἀσεβείας αὐξομένης, οὐδενὸς ὄντος τοῦ δυναμένου τῆς ὀργῆς αὐτοὺς ἐξαρπάσαι; ἀφεῖναι τὴν ἐκ τῶν οὐρανῶν πληγὴν ἐπὶ τὰς φυλὰς ἁπάσας ἐνεχθῆναι, καὶ πανωλεθρίᾳ παραδοῦναι τὸ γένος, καὶ μετὰ τῆς κολάσεως περιιδεῖν καὶ τὴν ἁμαρτίαν ἀνίατον γινομένην; ἢ τιμωρίᾳ 55.381 καὶ φόνῳ σωμάτων ὀλίγων τό τε ἁμάρτημα ἀνελεῖν, τήν τε ὀργὴν ἀναχαιτίσαι, τόν τε Θεὸν ἵλεω καταστῆσαι τοῖς τὰ τοιαῦτα πεπλημμεληκόσιν; Ἂν οὕτως ἐξετάζῃς τὰ τοῦ δικαίου, ὄψει μάλιστα ἐντεῦθεν ὄντα αὐτὸν πραότατον. βʹ. Ἀλλὰ ταῦτα ἐκ τῶν εἰρημένων τοῖς φιλομαθέσιν ἀφέντες ἀναλέγειν, ἵνα μὴ τὸ πάρεργον τοῦ μετὰ χεῖρας μεῖζον ποιήσωμεν, ἐπὶ τὸ προκείμενον ἴωμεν. Τί δὲ ἦν τὸ προκείμενον; Μνήσθητι, Κύριε, τοῦ ∆αυῒδ, καὶ πάσης τῆς πραότητος αὐτοῦ· ὡς ὤμοσε τῷ Κυρίῳ, ηὔξατο τῷ Θεῷ Ἰακώβ. Προθεὶς εἰπεῖν περὶ πραότητος, ἀφεὶς διηγήσασθαι τὰ κατὰ τὸν Σαοὺλ, τὰ κατὰ τοὺς ἀδελφοὺς, τὰ τοῦ Ἰωνάθαν, τὴν μακροθυμίαν τὴν ἐπὶ τοῦ