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he did not approve of it as counterfeit, since the evil one had unjustly defiled it with envious accusations, but 2.457 having melted it down, he stirred it again into clay, like a potter reshaping a vessel, so that through the reshaping all its blemishes and cracks might be destroyed, and the whole might become from the beginning blamelessly pleasing. “Or has the potter no right over the clay, to make out of the same lump one vessel for honorable use and another for dishonorable use?” For this is altogether what the apostle seems to me to indicate: Does not God have the power, having reshaped and re-adorned each one individually from the same material, to raise us up either to honor and glory or to dishonor and condemnation? to dishonor, for those who lived wickedly in sins, but to honor, for those in righteousness. Just as was also shown to Daniel saying, “And many of those who sleep in the dust of the earth shall awake, some to everlasting life, and some to reproach and everlasting shame, and those who are wise shall shine like the brightness of the firmament.” For it is not in our power to destroy completely the root of wickedness, but to not allow it to grow to its full extent and bear fruit. For the universal and complete removal and destruction of it, along with its very roots, is done by God at the dissolution of the body, as has been said, but the partial removal, so that it does not bring forth a shoot, is done by us. And for this reason, the one who has nourished it toward growth and size, rather than making it barren as far as it was in his power and compressing it, must pay the penalty, because, being able and having the power to do so, he chose to honor what is harmful rather than what is beneficial. 2.458 37. Therefore let no one, being himself the cause, with an intemperate tongue blame the divine nature, as if it does not justly distribute to each the recompense for vice or virtue. “For who are you, O man, to answer back to God? Will what is molded say to its molder, ‘Why have you made me like this?’” For how could it? When by its own sovereign will it chose evil. Therefore it will not say to God, who judges with the unchangeable decrees of righteousness, ‘Why have you made me thus, condemned to be pained?’ For pay attention to how the apostle, like a javelin-thrower, forcefully casting convoluted phrases of his arguments into the middle, makes the working out of his readings obscure and veiled in its depth, but most true and orthodox and having nothing neglected or blasphemous. For to those who do not apply themselves to the words with diligence, but ignobly, he seems at times to say things incoherent and inconsistent, but to those, on the other hand, who do so diligently and with a sober mind, how full of order and truth they are. To go through these things with precision now would be a sufficient task in and of itself. For it would be ridiculous, having abandoned your inquiry for the sake of which we sent this, to go on to other things. For these things have been said by us on account of the avenging justice for those who willfully do evil. Since it has been shown most clearly, therefore, that death was contrived for man not for any evil but *, it is necessary for one who does not poorly apply himself to these things to think then about the resurrection 2.459 of the body. For how is death not beneficial, destroying the things that plunder our nature? even if it seems burdensome at the time when it is administered, just like a very harsh medicine to one who is sick. And so that we do not discuss the same things about the same subjects many times, come, let us, having confirmed the argument still from the song of Deuteronomy, go on to consider what follows. 38. For what else does the statement by God, “I will kill and I will make alive, I will strike and I will heal, and there is no one who can deliver out of my hands,” intend to teach, if not that for this reason the body is first killed and dies, so that it may be raised again and live? It is first struck and broken, so that it may be formed again whole and healthy. And nothing at all has the strength to deliver the whole from his great and mighty hand to ruin and destruction, not fire, not death, not darkness, not chaos, not corruption.

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οὐκ ηὐδόκησεν ὡς κίβδηλον τῷ πονηρῷ ἀδίκως αὐτὸ λυμηναμένῳ βασκάνοις αἰτίαις, ἀλλὰ 2.457 ἀνατήξασα ἀνέδευσεν αὖθις εἰς πηλόν, οἷα κεραμεὺς ἀναπλάσσων ἄγγος πρὸς τὸ ἀφανισθῆναι μὲν διὰ τῆς ἀναπλάσεως πάντα τὰ ἐν αὐτῷ αἴσχη καὶ θλάσματα, γενηθῆναι δὲ τὸ πᾶν ἄνωθεν ἀμέμπτως ἀρεστόν. «ἢ οὐκ ἔχει ἐξουσίαν ὁ κεραμεὺς τοῦ πηλοῦ ἐκ τοῦ αὐτοῦ φυράματος ποιῆσαι σκεῦος, ὃ μὲν εἰς τιμὴν ὃ δὲ εἰς ἀτιμίαν»; ὃ δή ἐστι τοῦτο γὰρ παντάπασιν ὁ ἀπόστολός μοι δηλοῦν φαίνεται· μή τι ἐξουσίαν οὐκ ἔχει ὁ θεὸς ἀπὸ τῆς ὕλης ἑκάστου τῆς αὐτῆς ἀναπλάσας καὶ ἀνακοσμήσας ἰδίως ἕκαστον ἢ εἰς τιμὴν ἡμῶν ἀναστῆσαι καὶ δόξαν ἢ εἰς ἀτιμίαν καὶ κατάκρισιν; εἰς ἀτιμίαν μὲν τῶν ἐν ἁμαρτίαις φαύλως βιωσάντων, εἰς τιμὴν δὲ τῶν ἐν δικαιοσύνῃ. καθάπερ ἐδηλώθη καὶ τῷ ∆ανιήλ «καὶ πολλοὶ τῶν καθευδόντων ἐν γῆς χώματι» λέγοντι «ἐξεγερθήσονται, οὗτοι εἰς ζωὴν αἰώνιον καὶ οὗτοι εἰς ὀνειδισμὸν καὶ αἰσχύνην αἰώνιον, καὶ οἱ συνιέντες ἐκλάμψουσιν ὡς ἡ λαμπρότης τοῦ στερεώματος». ἐφ' ἡμῖν γὰρ οὐ τὸ ἀφανίσαι τὴν ῥίζαν τελείως τῆς πονηρίας, ἀλλὰ τὸ μὴ πρὸς ἔκτασιν αὐτὴν ἐᾶσα φῦναι καὶ καρποφορεῖν. ἡ μὲν γὰρ καθόλου καὶ παντελικὴ αὐταῖς ῥίζαις αὐτῆς ἀναίρεσίς τε καὶ ἀπώλεια ὑπὸ τοῦ θεοῦ κατὰ τὴν τοῦ σώματος ὡς εἴρηται διάλυσιν γίγνεται, ἡ δὲ ἐκ μέρους πρὸς τὸ μὴ οἶσαι βλαστὸν ὑφ' ἡμῶν. καὶ διὰ τοῦτο τὸν ἐκθρέψαντα πρὸς αὔξησιν αὐτὴν μᾶλλον καὶ μέγεθος, ἀλλὰ μὴ στειρώσαντα τὸ ὅσον ἐπ' αὐτῷ καὶ συμπιλήσαντα ἀνάγκη διδόναι δίκην, ὅτι δυνάμενος καὶ ἔχων πρὸς τοῦτο τὴν ἐξουσίαν εἵλατο τὸ βλάπτον πρὸ τοῦ συμφέροντος μᾶλλον τιμῆσαι. 2.458 37. Ὥστε μηδείς, αὐτὸς αἴτιος ὤν, ἀκολάστῳ γλώσσῃ μεμφέσθω τὴν θείαν φύσιν, ὡς οὐκ ἐν δίκῃ διανέμουσαν ἑκάστῳ κακίας ἢ ἀρετῆς τὰ ἀμοιβαῖα. «τίς γὰρ εἶ, ὦ ἄνθρωπε, ὁ ἀνταποκρινόμενος τῷ θεῷ; μὴ ἐρεῖ τὸ πλάσμα τῷ πλάσαντι, τί με ἐποίησας οὕτως»; πῶς γάρ; ὁπότε αὐτοδεσπότῳ βουλῇ κακίαν εἵλατο. διὸ καὶ οὐ λέξει ἐν δικαιοσύνης δόγμασιν ἀπαραλλάκτοις κρίνοντι τῷ θεῷ, τί με ἐποίησας οὕτως κατακριθέντα εἰς τὸ ἀλγύνεσθαι; πρόσσχες γὰρ ὅπως ὥσπερ ἀκοντιστὴς ὁ ἀπόστολος δεινῶς συνεστραμμένα ῥήματα τῶν λόγων εἰς μέσον ἐμβαλὼν ἀσαφῆ μὲν καὶ ἐπικεκαλυμμένην ποιεῖται εἰς βάθος τῶν ἀναγνωσμάτων τὴν ἐξεργασίαν, ἀληθεστάτην δὲ καὶ ὀρθόδοξον καὶ μηδὲν ἔχουσαν ἀπημελημένον ἢ δύσφημον. τοῖς μὲν γὰρ μὴ μετὰ σπουδῆς, ἀλλὰ ἀγεννῶς ἐγκύπτουσι τοῖς λόγοις ἀσυνάρτητα ἔσθ' ὅτε δοκεῖ καὶ ἀσύμφωνα λέγειν, τοῖς δ' αὖ σπουδαίως καὶ λογισμῷ νήφοντι ὁπόσης τάξεως ἔμπλεα καὶ ἀληθείας. ∆ι' ἀκριβείας μὲν οὖν περὶ τούτων διεξιέναι τὰ νῦν ἱκανὸν ἂν γένοιτο αὐτὸ καθ' ἑαυτὸ μόνον ἔργον. καὶ γὰρ γελοῖον καταλείψαντάς σου τὴν σκέψιν, ἧς ἕνεκα ταύτην ἐστειλάμεθα, εἰς ἄλλα μετιέναι. ταῦτα γὰρ ἡμῖν εἴρηται διὰ τὴν τῶν ἐθελοκακούντων τιμωρὸν δίκην. ἀποδειχθέντος τοίνυν ἐνδηλότατα τὸν θάνατον τῷ ἀνθρώπῳ μεμηχανῆσθαι μὴ ἐπὶ κακῷ τινι ἀλλὰ *, χρὴ λοιπὸν τὸν μὴ φαύλως τούτοις ἐγκύπτοντα περὶ τῆς ἀναστάσεως 2.459 νοεῖν τοῦ σώματος. πῶς γὰρ οὐκ ὠφέλιμος ὁ θάνατος, διαφθείρων ἡμῶν τὰ ληΐζοντα τὴν φύσιν; εἰ καὶ παρὰ τὸν καιρὸν ἐπαχθής, καθ' ὃν προσφέρεται, εἶναι δοκεῖ καθάπερ αὐστηρότατον τῷ νοσοῦντι φάρμακον. καὶ ἵνα μὴ πολλάκις τὰ αὐτὰ περὶ τῶν αὐτῶν διαλεγώμεθα, φέρε καὶ ἀπὸ τῆς ᾠδῆς ἔτι τοῦ ∆ευτερονομίου βεβαιώσαντες τὸν λόγον ἴωμεν τὰ ἑξῆς διαληψόμενοι. 38. Τὸ γάρ «ἐγὼ ἀποκτενῶ καὶ ζῆν ποιήσω, πατάξω κἀγὼ ἰάσομαι, καὶ οὐκ ἔστιν ὃς ἐξελεῖται ἐκ τῶν χειρῶν μου» λεγόμενον ὑπὸ τοῦ θεοῦ τί ἄλλο διδάσκειν βούλεται ἢ ὅτι διὰ τοῦτο τὸ σῶμα πρῶτον ἀποκτέννυται καὶ θνῄσκει, ἵνα αὖθις ἀνασταθῇ καὶ ζήσῃ; πατάσσεται πρῶτον καὶ θραύεται, ἵνα σῷον αὖθις πλασθῇ καὶ ὑγιές. καὶ οὐδὲν ἐξελέσθαι ὅλως τὸ σύνολον τῆς μεγάλης καὶ κραταιᾶς αὐτοῦ χειρὸς πρὸς ἀπώλειαν καὶ ὄλεθρον σθένει, οὐ πῦρ, οὐ θάνατος, οὐ σκότος, οὐ χάος, οὐ φθορά.