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to be freed from the observances, as time went on, they then bound them with even more observances, fearing lest someone might take away their authority, and wishing to be more formidable, as if they too were lawgivers. The matter therefore advanced to such a point of transgression, that their own commandments were kept, but those of God were transgressed; and they prevailed so much, that the matter finally became an accusation. This was a twofold charge against them, that they were both innovating, and that they so vindicated their own things, taking no account of God. And leaving aside other things, the washing of cups and of bronze vessels (for they were ridiculous), they bring forward that which seemed to have more reason than the others, in this way, as it seems to me, wishing to provoke him to anger. Therefore they also mentioned the elders, so that as one despising them he might provide an occasion against himself. But it is worthwhile to examine first, why the disciples ate with unwashed hands. For what reason, then, did they eat in this way? Not making a practice of this, 58.511 but henceforth disregarding superfluous things, and attending to necessary ones; having a law neither to wash, nor not to wash, but doing either as it happened. For how would they who despised even necessary food be zealous about these things? Since then this often happened by chance, for instance as when they ate in the desert, as when they plucked the ears of corn, they bring it forward as a charge, they who always run past the great things, and make much account of superfluous ones. What then says Christ? He did not stand to address this, nor did he make a defense, but immediately counter-accuses, pulling down their confidence, and showing that it is not right for one who sins greatly to be scrupulous with others about small things. For it is you who ought to be accused, he says, and you are accusing? But you observe, how whenever he wishes to abrogate any of the legal precepts, he does it in the form of a defense; which he also did then. For he neither comes immediately to the transgression, nor does he say, It is nothing; for he would have made them more audacious; but first he cuts off their audacity, bringing into the midst the much greater charge, and drawing it down upon their heads. And he neither says, that they do well in transgressing, so as not to give them an occasion; nor does he condemn what was done, so as not to confirm the law; nor again does he accuse the elders, as transgressors and polluted; for they would have turned away from him as a reviler and an insolent man; but leaving all these things, he takes another way. And he seems to rebuke those who were present, but he attacks those who had enacted these laws; making no mention of the elders anywhere, but in the accusation against these men he throws them down too, and shows that the sin is twofold, that they both disobey God, and do this for the sake of men; as if he said; For this, this has destroyed you, to obey the elders in everything. But he does not say this, but hints at this very thing, having answered them thus: Why do you also transgress the commandment of God for the sake of your tradition? For God commanded: Honor your father and your mother; and, He who speaks evil of father or mother, let him surely die. But you say: Whoever says to his father or mother, It is a gift, whatever you might have been profited by me, and he shall not honor his father and his mother; and you have made void the commandment of God for the sake of your tradition. b. And he did not say, Of the elders, but, Of you; and, You say, and he did not say, The elders, so as to make his statement less offensive. For since they wished to show the disciples to be transgressors, he shows that they themselves are doing this, but that these are freed from the charge. For what is commanded by men is not a law (which is why he calls it a tradition), and especially of lawless men. And since this was not contrary to the law, the command to wash hands, he brings forward another tradition, which is contrary to the law. And what he says is this: They taught the young under the guise of piety to despise their parents. How and in what way? If one of the parents said to the child,

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αὐτοὺς ἀπαλλαγῆναι τῶν παρατηρήσεων, τοῦ χρόνου προελθόντος, τότε αὐτοὺς μᾶλλον πλείοσιν ἔδησαν ταῖς παρατηρήσεσι, δεδοικότες μή τις αὐτῶν ἀφέληται τὴν ἀρχὴν, καὶ φοβερώτεροι εἶναι βουλόμενοι, ὡς δὴ καὶ αὐτοὶ νομοθέται. Εἰς τοσοῦτον οὖν προῆλθε παρανομίας τὸ πρᾶγμα, ὡς τὰς μὲν αὐτῶν φυλάττεσθαι ἐντολὰς, τὰς δὲ τοῦ Θεοῦ παραβαίνεσθαι· καὶ τοσοῦτον ἐκράτουν, ὥστε κατηγορίαν λοιπὸν τὸ πρᾶγμα εἶναι. Ὅπερ διπλοῦν κατ' αὐτῶν ἔγκλημα ἦν, ὅτι τε ἐκαινοτόμουν, καὶ ὅτι οὕτως ἐξεδίκουν τὰ ἑαυτῶν, τοῦ Θεοῦ οὐδένα ποιούμενοι λόγον. Καὶ ἀφέντες τὰ ἄλλα εἰπεῖν, τοὺς ξέστας καὶ τὰ χαλκεῖα (καταγέλαστα γὰρ ἦν), ὃ τῶν ἄλλων μᾶλλον ἐδόκει λόγον ἔχειν, τοῦτο εἰς μέσον προφέρουσιν, οὕτως, ὡς ἔμοιγε δοκεῖ, εἰς ὀργὴν αὐτὸν ἐξάγειν βουλόμενοι. ∆ιὸ καὶ τῶν πρεσβυτέρων ἐμνημόνευον, ἵνα ὡς ἐξουδενῶν αὐτοὺς παράσχῃ καθ' ἑαυτοῦ λαβήν. Ἄξιον δὲ πρῶτον ἐξετάσαι, διατί καὶ οἱ μαθηταὶ χερσὶν ἀνίπτοις ἤσθιον. Τίνος οὖν ἕνεκεν οὕτως ἤσθιον; Οὐκ ἐπιτηδεύοντες τοῦτο, 58.511 ἀλλ' ὑπερορῶντες λοιπὸν τῶν περιττῶν, καὶ τοῖς ἀναγκαίοις προσέχοντες· οὔτε τὸ νίπτεσθαι, οὔτε τὸ μὴ νίπτεσθαι νόμον ἔχοντες, ἀλλ' ὡς ἔτυχεν ἑκάτερον ποιοῦντες. Οἱ γὰρ καὶ αὐτῆς τῆς ἀναγκαίας καταφρονοῦντες τροφῆς, πῶς ἔμελλον ταῦτα περισπούδαστα ἔχειν; Ἐπεὶ οὖν συνέβαινε πολλάκις τοῦτο ἀπὸ ταυτομάτου γίνεσθαι, οἷον ὡς ὅτε ἐν τῇ ἐρήμῳ ἤσθιον, ὡς ὅτε τοὺς ἀστάχυας ἔτιλλον ἀντ' ἐγκλήματος αὐτὸ προβάλλονται, οἱ τὰ μεγάλα ἀεὶ παρατρέχοντες, καὶ τῶν περιττῶν πολὺν ποιούμενοι λόγον. Τί οὖν ὁ Χριστός; Οὐκ ἔστη πρὸς τοῦτο, οὐδὲ ἀπελογήσατο, ἀλλ' εὐθέως ἀντεγκαλεῖ, κατασπῶν αὐτῶν τὴν παῤῥησίαν, καὶ δεικνὺς, ὅτι τὸν μεγάλα ἁμαρτάνοντα ὑπὲρ μικρῶν πρὸς ἑτέρους ἀκριβολογεῖσθαι οὐ χρή. ∆έον γὰρ ὑμᾶς ἐγκαλεῖσθαι, φησὶ, καὶ ἐγκαλεῖτε; Σὺ δὲ παρατήρει, πῶς ὅταν τι βούληται λῦσαι τῶν νομίμων, ἐν τάξει ἀπολογίας αὐτὸ ποιεῖ· ὅπερ καὶ τότε ἐποίησεν. Οὐδὲ γὰρ εὐθέως ἐπὶ τὴν παράβασιν ἔρχεται, οὐδὲ λέγει, Οὐδέν ἐστιν· ἦ γὰρ ἂν θρασυτέρους εἰργάσατο· ἀλλὰ πρῶτον ἐκκόπτει αὐτῶν τὴν θρασύτητα, τὸ πολλῷ μεῖζον ἔγκλημα εἰς μέσον ἄγων, καὶ εἰς τὴν ἐκείνων περιέλκων κεφαλήν. Καὶ οὔτε λέγει, ὅτι καλῶς ποιοῦσι παραβαίνοντες, ἵνα μὴ δῷ λαβὴν αὐτοῖς· οὔτε κακίζει τὸ γινόμενον, ἵνα μὴ βεβαιώσῃ τὸν νόμον· οὐδ' αὖ πάλιν κατηγορεῖ τῶν πρεσβυτέρων, ὡς παρανόμων καὶ μιαρῶν· ἦ γὰρ ἂν ὡς λοίδορον καὶ ὑβριστὴν ἀπεστράφησαν· ἀλλὰ πάντα ταῦτα ἀφεὶς, ἑτέραν ὁδὸν ἔρχεται. Καὶ δοκεῖ μὲν αὐτοῖς ἐπιτιμᾷν τοῖς παραγενομένοις, καθάπτεται δὲ τῶν ταῦτα νομοθετησάντων· τῶν μὲν πρεσβυτέρων οὐδαμοῦ μνημονεύων, ἐν δὲ τῇ πρὸς τούτους κατηγορίᾳ κἀκείνους καταβάλλων, καὶ δεικνὺς ὅτι διπλοῦν τὸ ἁμάρτημα, ὅτι καὶ τῷ Θεῷ οὐ πείθονται, καὶ δι' ἀνθρώπους τοῦτο ποιοῦσιν· ὡσανεὶ ἔλεγε· Τοῦτο γὰρ ὑμᾶς, τοῦτο ἀπώλεσε, τὸ πάντα πείθεσθαι τοῖς πρεσβυτέροις. Ἀλλ' οὐ λέγει οὕτω, τοῦτο δὲ αὐτὸ αἰνίττεται, οὕτως αὐτοῖς ἀποκριθείς· ∆ιατί καὶ ὑμεῖς παραβαίνετε τὴν ἐντολὴν τοῦ Θεοῦ διὰ τὴν παράδοσιν ὑμῶν; Ὁ γὰρ Θεὸς ἐνετείλατο· Τίμα τὸν πατέρα καὶ τὴν μητέρα· καὶ, Ὁ κακολογῶν πατέρα ἢ μητέρα, θανάτῳ τελευτάτω. Ὑμεῖς δὲ λέγετε· Ὃς ἂν εἴπῃ τῷ πατρὶ ἢ τῇ μητρὶ, ∆ῶρον, ὃ ἐὰν ἐξ ἐμοῦ ὠφεληθῇς, καὶ οὐ μὴ τιμήσῃ τὸν πατέρα καὶ τὴν μητέρα· καὶ ἠκυρώσατε τὴν ἐντολὴν τοῦ Θεοῦ διὰ τὴν παράδοσιν ὑμῶν. βʹ. Καὶ οὐκ εἶπε, Τῶν πρεσβυτέρων, ἀλλ', Ὑμῶν· καὶ, Ὑμεῖς λέγετε, καὶ οὐκ εἶπεν, Οἱ πρεσβύτεροι, ὥστε ἀνεπαχθέστερον ποιῆσαι τὸν λόγον. Ἐπειδὴ γὰρ παρανόμους ἠθέλησαν δεῖξαι τοὺς μαθητὰς, δείκνυσιν αὐτοὺς τοῦτο ποιοῦντας, τούτους δὲ ἀπηλλαγμένους ἐγκλήματος. Οὐ γὰρ δὴ νόμος τὸ ὑπὸ τῶν ἀνθρώπων ἐπιταχθὲν (διὸ καὶ παράδοσιν αὐτὸ καλεῖ), καὶ ἀνθρώπων μάλιστα παρανόμων. Καὶ ἐπειδὴ τοῦτο οὐκ ἦν ὑπεναντίον τῷ νόμῳ, τὸ κελεύειν τὰς χεῖρας νίπτειν, ἑτέραν παράδοσιν εἰς μέσον ἄγει, ἐναντιουμένην τῷ νόμῳ. Ὃ δὲ λέγει, τοιοῦτόν ἐστιν· Ἐπαίδευσαν τοὺς νέους εὐσεβείας σχήματι καταφρονεῖν τῶν πατέρων. Πῶς καὶ τίνι τρόπῳ; Εἴ τις τῶν γονέων εἶπε τῷ παιδὶ,