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you transgress the commandment of God because of your tradition? But how does he bring the prophet into the middle? But he says these things about those very men and their traditions. For if God said, Honor your father and your mother; how is what was said by God not a plant of God? 4. And what follows also shows that it was said about them and their traditions. For he went on to say; They are blind guides of the blind. But if he were speaking about the law, he would have said; It is a blind guide of the blind. But he did not speak thus, but, They are blind guides of the blind, acquitting the former of the accusation, and drawing everything down upon these men. Then, separating the multitude from them, as being about to fall into a pit on account of them, he says; If the blind lead the blind, both will fall into a pit. It is a great evil even to be blind; but for one who is such to have no one to lead him by the hand, and to take on the role of a guide, is a double and triple charge. For if it is perilous for the blind man not to have a guide, much more so to wish to be this for another. What then of Peter? He does not say, What is this that you have said? but asks as if it were full of obscurity. And he does not say; Why did you say something unlawful? for he was afraid, lest he should be thought 58.515 to have been scandalized; but says this is a matter of obscurity. But that it was not a matter of obscurity, but that he was scandalized, is clear; for it had no obscurity. Wherefore he also rebukes him, saying; Are you also still without understanding? For the crowds perhaps did not even understand what was said; but they themselves were the ones who were scandalized. Therefore, at the beginning, asking as if on behalf of the Pharisees, they wished to learn; but when they heard him uttering a great threat and saying that, Every plant which my heavenly Father has not planted will be uprooted, and, They are blind guides of the blind, they were silenced; But he who is everywhere fervent does not endure to be silent even so, but says; Explain to us this parable. What then of Christ? He answers very rebukingly; Are you also still without understanding? Do you not yet perceive? And he said and rebuked these things, so as to cast out their prejudice; yet he did not stop at this, but also brings forward other things, saying; That whatever enters into the mouth goes into the stomach, and is cast out into the privy; but the things which proceed out of the mouth come forth from the heart, and they defile the man. For out of the heart proceed evil thoughts, murders, adulteries, fornications, thefts, blasphemies, false witness; and these are the things which defile the man. But to eat with unwashed hands does not defile the man. Do you see how severely and rebukingly he has treated them? Then he establishes what was said from common nature, and for their healing. For when he says, It goes into the stomach, and is cast out into the privy, he is still answering according to Judaic lowliness. For he says that it does not remain, but goes out. And yet even if it remained, it would not make one unclean. But they were not yet able to hear this. For this reason, then, the lawgiver also allows so much time as it remains within; but when it has gone out, no longer. At evening, for example, he commands one to wash, and to be clean, measuring the time of digestion and of excretion. But the things of the heart, he says, remain within, and having come out they defile, not only while remaining. And first he puts evil thoughts, which was a Judaic thing; and he does not yet make his argument from the nature of the things themselves, but from the product of the stomach and of the heart, and from the fact that some things remain, and some do not remain. For some things, entering from without, go out again; but others are born within, and having gone out they defile, and then the more so, when they have gone out. For they were not yet able, as I said, to hear these things with the appropriate philosophy. But Mark says that, making all foods clean, he said these things; yet he did not make it manifest, nor did he say, But to eat such and such foods does not defile the man; for they would not have endured to hear him so clearly. Therefore he also added; But to eat with unwashed hands does not defile the man. Let us learn, therefore, what are the things that defile the man; let us learn, and let us flee. For even in the Church we see such a custom

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παραβαίνετε τὴν ἐντολὴν τοῦ Θεοῦ διὰ τὴν παράδοσιν ὑμῶν; πῶς δὲ τὸν προφήτην παράγει εἰς μέσον; Ἀλλὰ περὶ αὐτῶν ἐκείνων καὶ τῶν παραδόσεων αὐτῶν ταῦτά φησιν. Εἰ γὰρ ὁ Θεὸς εἶπε, Τίμα τὸν πατέρα καὶ τὴν μητέρα· πῶς οὐκ ἔστι φυτεία Θεοῦ τὸ παρὰ Θεοῦ εἰρημένον; δʹ. Καὶ τὸ ἑξῆς δὲ δείκνυσιν, ὅτι περὶ αὐτῶν εἴρηται καὶ τῶν παραδόσεων αὐτῶν. Ἐπήγαγε γοῦν· Ὁδηγοί εἰσι τυφλοὶ τυφλῶν. Εἰ δὲ περὶ τοῦ νόμου ἔλεγε τοῦτο, εἶπεν ἄν· Ὁδηγός ἐστι τυφλὸς τυφλῶν. Ἀλλ' οὐχ οὕτως εἶπεν, ἀλλ', Ὁδηγοί εἰσι τυφλοὶ τυφλῶν, ἐκεῖνον μὲν ἀπαλλάττων τῆς κατηγορίας, εἰς δὲ τούτους τὸ πᾶν περιέλκων. Εἶτα καὶ τὸ πλῆθος ἀποσχίζων αὐτῶν, ὡς μέλλον εἰς βάραθρον ἐμπίπτειν δι' αὐτοὺς, φησί· Τυφλὸς τυφλὸν ἐὰν ὁδηγῇ, ἀμφότεροι εἰς βόθυνον ἐμπεσοῦνται. Μέγα μὲν κακὸν καὶ τυφλὸν εἶναι· τὸ δὲ καὶ τοιοῦτον ὄντα μήτε ἔχειν τὸν χειραγωγὸν, καὶ ὁδηγοῦ τάξιν ἐπέχειν, διπλοῦν καὶ τριπλοῦν ἔγκλημα. Εἰ γὰρ τὸ μὴ ἔχειν ὁδηγὸν τὸν τυφλὸν ἐπισφαλὲς, πολλῷ μᾶλλον τὸ καὶ ἑτέρῳ τοῦτο βούλεσθαι εἶναι. Τί οὖν ὁ Πέτρος; Οὐ λέγει, Τί ποτέ ἐστι τοῦτο ὃ εἴρηκας; ἀλλ' ὡς ἀσαφείας γέμον ἐρωτᾷ. Καὶ οὐ λέγει· ∆ιατί παράνομον εἶπας; ἐδεδοίκει γὰρ, ἵνα μὴ νομισθῇ 58.515 ἐσκανδαλίσθαι· ἀλλ' ἀσαφείας τοῦτο εἶναί φησιν. Ὅτι δὲ οὐκ ἦν ἀσαφείας, ἀλλ' ἐσκανδαλίζετο, δῆλον· οὐδὲν γὰρ ἀσαφείας εἶχε. ∆ιὸ καὶ ἐπιπλήττει αὐτῷ λέγων· Ἀκμὴν καὶ ὑμεῖς ἀσύνετοί ἐστε; Οἱ μὲν γὰρ ὄχλοι οὐδὲ συνῆκαν ἴσως τὸ λεχθέν· αὐτοὶ δὲ ἦσαν οἱ σκανδαλισθέντες. ∆ιὸ παρὰ μὲν τὴν ἀρχὴν, ὡς ὑπὲρ τῶν Φαρισαίων δῆθεν ἐρωτῶντες, ἐβούλοντο μαθεῖν· ἐπειδὴ δὲ ἤκουσαν αὐτοῦ μεγάλην ἀπειλὴν ἀπειλοῦντος καὶ λέγοντος, ὅτι Πᾶσα φυτεία, ἣν οὐκ ἐφύτευσεν ὁ Πατήρ μου ὁ οὐράνιος, ἐκριζωθήσεται, καὶ, Ὁδηγοί εἰσι τυφλοὶ τυφλῶν, κατεστάλησαν· Ὁ δὲ πανταχοῦ θερμὸς οὐδὲ οὕτως ἀνέχεται σιγῆσαι, ἀλλά φησι· Φράσον ἡμῖν τὴν παραβολὴν ταύτην. Τί οὖν ὁ Χριστός; Σφόδρα ἐπιπληκτικῶς ἀποκρίνεται· Ἀκμὴν καὶ ὑμεῖς ἀσύνετοί ἐστε; Οὔπω νοεῖτε; Ταῦτα δὲ ἔλεγε καὶ ἐπετίμα, ὥστε τὴν πρόληψιν ἐκβαλεῖν· οὐ μὴν ἔστη μέχρι τούτου, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἕτερα ἐπάγει λέγων· Ὅτι πᾶν τὸ εἰσπορευόμενον εἰς τὸ στόμα, εἰς τὴν κοιλίαν χωρεῖ, καὶ εἰς τὸν ἀφεδρῶνα ἐκβάλλεται· τὰ δὲ ἐκπορευόμενα ἐκ τοῦ στόματος, ἐκ τῆς καρδίας ἐξέρχεται, κἀκεῖνα κοινοῖ τὸν ἄνθρωπον. Ἐκ γὰρ τῆς καρδίας ἐξέρχονται διαλογισμοὶ πονηροὶ, φόνοι, μοιχεῖαι, πορνεῖαι, κλοπαὶ, βλασφημίαι, ψευδομαρτυρίαι· καὶ ταῦτά ἐστι τὰ κοινοῦντα τὸν ἄνθρωπον. Τὸ δὲ ἀνίπτοις χερσὶν ἐσθίειν, οὐ κοινοῖ τὸν ἄνθρωπον. Εἶδες πῶς αὐτοῖς σφοδρῶς κέχρηται καὶ ἐπιτιμητικῶς; Εἶτα κατασκευάζει τὸ εἰρημένον ἀπὸ τῆς κοινῆς φύσεως, καὶ πρὸς τὴν θεραπείαν τὴν ἐκείνων. Ὅταν γὰρ εἴπῃ, Εἰς τὴν κοιλίαν χωρεῖ, καὶ εἰς τὸν ἀφεδρῶνα ἐκβάλλεται, ἔτι κατὰ Ἰουδαϊκὴν ταπεινότητα ἀποκρίνεται. Λέγει γὰρ ὅτι οὐ μένει, ἀλλ' ἐξέρχεται. Καίτοι καὶ εἰ ἔμενεν, οὐκ ἐποίει ἀκάθαρτον. Ἀλλ' οὐδέπω τοῦτο δυνατοὶ ἦσαν ἀκοῦσαι. ∆ιὰ γοῦν τοῦτο καὶ ὁ νομοθέτης τοσοῦτον χρόνον ἀφίησιν, ὅσον ἂν ἔνδον μένῃ· ὅταν δὲ ἐξέλθῃ, οὐκέτι. Ἐν ἑσπέρᾳ γοῦν κελεύει λούεσθαι, καὶ καθαρὸν εἶναι, τὸν καιρὸν τῆς πέψεως ἀναμετρῶν, καὶ τῆς ἐκκρίσεως. Τὰ δὲ τῆς καρδίας, φησὶν, ἔνδον μένει, καὶ ἐξελθόντα κοινοῖ, οὐ μένοντα μόνον. Καὶ πρότερον τίθησι τοὺς πονηροὺς διαλογισμοὺς, ὅπερ ἦν Ἰουδαϊκόν· καὶ οὐδέπω ἀπὸ τῆς τῶν πραγμάτων φύσεως ποιεῖται τὸν ἔλεγχον, ἀλλ' ἀπὸ τοῦ τόκου τῆς κοιλίας καὶ τῆς καρδίας, καὶ ἐκ τοῦ τὰ μὲν μένειν, τὰ δὲ μὴ μένειν. Τὰ μὲν γὰρ, ἔξωθεν εἰσιόντα, ἔξω πάλιν ἄπεισιν· τὰ δὲ ἔνδοθεν τίκτεται, καὶ ἐξελθόντα κοινοῖ, καὶ τότε μᾶλλον, ὅταν ἐξέλθῃ. Οὔπω γὰρ ἦσαν δυνατοὶ, ὅπερ ἔφην, ἀκοῦσαι μετὰ τῆς προσηκούσης φιλοσοφίας ταῦτα. Ὁ δὲ Μάρκος φησὶν, ὅτι καθαρίζων τὰ βρώματα, ταῦτα ἔλεγεν· οὐ μὴν ἐνέφηνεν, οὐδὲ εἶπε, Τὸ δὲ βρώματα τοιάδε φαγεῖν οὐ κοινοῖ τὸν ἄνθρωπον· οὔτε γὰρ ἠνείχοντο σαφῶς οὕτως αὐτοῦ ἀκοῦσαι. ∆ιὸ καὶ ἐπήγαγε· Τὸ δὲ ἀνίπτοις χερσὶ φαγεῖν οὐ κοινοῖ τὸν ἄνθρωπον. Μάθωμεν τοίνυν τίνα ἐστὶ τὰ κοινοῦντα τὸν ἄνθρωπον· μάθωμεν, καὶ φύγωμεν. Καὶ γὰρ ἐν τῇ Ἐκκλησίᾳ τοιοῦτον ὁρῶμεν ἔθος