John Chrysostom, On Matthew

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they would have believed, nor would they have asked. And from another point of view it is also clear that they did not believe; because having been rebuked and refuted, they did not remain, nor did they say, "We are ignorant and seek to learn." But what sign from heaven were they asking for? Either to make the sun stand still, or to restrain the moon, or to bring down thunderbolts, or to change the air, or something else of that kind. What then does He say to these things? You know how to discern the face of the sky, but you cannot discern the signs of the times? Do you see the gentleness and the forbearance? For He did not, as before, merely refuse and say, "It will not be given to it," but He also states the reason why He does not give it, even though they were not asking in order to learn. What then is the reason? Just as in the sky, He says, there is one sign of winter, and another of fair weather, and no one seeing the sign of winter would seek for calm, nor in a fair calm would one seek for winter; so also must one reason concerning Me. For this season of my presence is one thing, and the future one is another. Now there is need for these signs on the earth; but the ones in heaven have been reserved for that time. Now I have come as a physician, then I will be present as a judge; now to seek the one who has strayed, then to demand an account. For this reason I came hiddenly; but then it will be with great publicity, rolling up the heaven, hiding the sun, not allowing the moon to give its light. Then also the powers of the heavens will be shaken, and the manifestation of my coming will resemble lightning appearing suddenly to all. But now is not the time for these signs; for I came to die, and to suffer the ultimate things. Have you not heard the prophet saying, 'He will not quarrel, nor cry out, nor will his voice be heard outside?' and another again, 'He shall come down like rain upon a fleece?' 3. But if they should speak of the signs under Pharaoh, it was necessary then to be delivered from an enemy, and reasonably those things happened; but for one who has come to friends, there is no need of these signs. And how shall I give the great things, when the small things are not believed? I say 'small' in terms of display; since in power these were much greater than those. For what could be equal to forgiving sins, and raising a dead person, and casting out demons, and creating a body, and setting all other things right? But you, see their hardened heart, how having heard, 'A sign will not be given 58.529 to them, except the sign of Jonah the prophet,' they do not ask. And yet it was necessary, knowing the prophet, and all the things that happened, and hearing this a second time, to inquire and to learn what was being said; but as I said, they do not do these things from a desire to learn. For this reason, He also, leaving them, departed. And His disciples, it says, having come to the other side, forgot to take bread. But Jesus said to them, 'See and beware of the leaven of the Pharisees and Sadducees.' And why did He not say clearly, 'Beware of the teaching'? He wants to remind them of the things that had happened; for He knew they had forgotten. But to simply rebuke them did not seem to have reason; but taking an occasion from them to rebuke them in this way made the accusation more readily received. And why did He not rebuke them then, when they said, 'Where can we get so much bread in the wilderness?' For it seemed opportune to say this then. Lest He seem to be dwelling on the sign. And for another reason too He did not wish to rebuke them in front of the crowds, nor to make a show of it before them. And now the accusation is more reasonable, because, after the miracle was done twice, they were still of such a mind. Therefore also, having done another miracle, He then rebukes them; for He brings into the open what they were reasoning about. But what were they reasoning about? "Because," it says, "we did not take bread." For they were still terrified about the Jewish purifications, and the observances concerning foods. Therefore for all these reasons He also rebukes them more severely, saying, 'Why do you reason among yourselves, O you of little faith, because you did not take bread? Do you not yet perceive, nor understand? Is your heart hardened? Having eyes do you not see, and having ears do you not hear? Do you not remember the five loaves for the five thousand, and how many

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ἐπίστευον, οὐδ' ἂν ᾔτησαν. Καὶ ἑτέρωθεν δὲ δῆλον, ὅτι οὐκ ἐπίστευον· ὅτι ἐπιτιμηθέντες καὶ ἐλεγχθέντες, οὐ παρέμειναν, οὐδὲ εἶπον, ὅτι Ἀγνοοῦμεν καὶ μαθεῖν ζητοῦμεν. Τί δὲ σημεῖον ἐκ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ ᾔτουν; Ἢ τὸν ἥλιον στῆσαι, ἢ τὴν σελήνην χαλινῶσαι, ἢ κεραυνοὺς κατενεγκεῖν, ἢ τὸν ἀέρα μεταβαλεῖν, ἢ ἄλλο τι τοιοῦτον. Τί οὖν πρὸς ταῦτα αὐτός; Τὸ μὲν πρόσωπον τοῦ οὐρανοῦ γινώσκετε διακρίνειν, τὰ δὲ σημεῖα τῶν καιρῶν οὐ δύνασθε; Ὁρᾶτε τὴν πραότητα καὶ τὴν ἐπιείκειαν; Οὐδὲ γὰρ ὡς πρότερον ἠρνήσατο μόνον καὶ εἶπεν, Οὐ δοθήσεται αὐτῇ, ἀλλὰ καὶ τὴν αἰτίαν λέγει, δι' ἢν οὐ δίδωσι, καίτοιγε οὐχ ὑπὲρ τοῦ μαθεῖν ἐρωτώντων αὐτῶν. Τίς οὖν ἡ αἰτία; Ὥσπερ ἐπὶ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ, φησὶν, ἄλλο μὲν σημεῖον τοῦ χειμῶνος, ἄλλο δὲ τῆς εὐδίας, καὶ οὐκ ἄν τις τὸ σημεῖον ἰδὼν τοῦ χειμῶνος γαλήνην ζητήσειεν, οὐδὲ ἐν γαλήνῃ εὐδινῇ χειμῶνα· οὕτω καὶ ἐπ' ἐμοῦ λογίζεσθαι χρή. Ἄλλος γὰρ οὗτος τῆς παρουσίας ὁ καιρὸς, ἄλλος δὲ ὁ μέλλων. Νῦν χρεία τούτων τῶν σημείων τῶν ἐν τῇ γῇ· τὰ δὲ ἐν τῷ οὐρανῷ ἐκείνῳ τεταμίευται τῷ καιρῷ. Νῦν ὡς ἰατρὸς ἦλθον, τότε ὡς δικαστὴς παρέσομαι· νῦν ὥστε ζητῆσαι τὸ πεπλανημένον, τότε ὥστε ἀπαιτῆσαι εὐθύνας. ∆ιὰ τοῦτο λαθὼν ἦλθον· τότε δὲ μετὰ πολλῆς τῆς δημοσιεύσεως, τὸν οὐρανὸν ἑλίττων, τὸν ἥλιον ἀποκρύπτων, τὴν σελήνην οὐκ ἀφιεὶς δοῦναι τὸ φῶς. Τότε καὶ αἱ δυνάμεις τῶν οὐρανῶν σαλευθήσονται, καὶ ἀστραπὴν ἀθρόως πᾶσι φαινομένην μιμήσεται τῆς παρουσίας μου ἡ ἐπιφάνεια. Ἀλλ' οὐχὶ νῦν τούτων ὁ καιρὸς τῶν σημείων· ἦλθον γὰρ ἀποθανεῖν, καὶ τὰ ἔσχατα παθεῖν. Οὐκ ἠκούσατε τοῦ προφήτου λέγοντος· Οὐκ ἐρίσει, οὐδὲ κραυγάσει, οὐδὲ ἀκουσθήσεται ἔξω ἡ φωνὴ αὐτοῦ; καὶ ἑτέρου πάλιν· Καταβήσεται ὡς ὑετὸς ἐπὶ πόκον; γʹ. Εἰ δὲ τὰ ἐπὶ Φαραὼ λέγοιεν σημεῖα, πολεμίου τότε ἀπαλλαγῆναι ἔδει, καὶ εἰκότως ἐκεῖνα ἐγίνετο· τῷ δὲ πρὸς φίλους ἐλθόντι τούτων οὐ χρεία τῶν σημείων. Πῶς δὲ καὶ τὰ μεγάλα δώσω, τῶν μικρῶν μὴ πιστευομένων; Μικρῶν ὡς πρὸς ἐπίδειξιν λέγω· ἐπεὶ τῇ δυνάμει πολλῷ ταῦτα ἐκείνων μείζονα ἦν. Τί γὰρ ἂν ἴσον εἴη τοῦ ἁμαρτήματα λῦσαι, καὶ νεκρὸν ἀναστῆσαι, καὶ δαίμονας ἀπελάσαι, καὶ δημιουργῆσαι σῶμα, καὶ τὰ ἄλλα πάντα διορθῶσαι; Σὺ δὲ αὐτῶν ὅρα τὴν πεπωρωμένην καρδίαν, πῶς ἀκούσαντες, ὅτι Οὐ δοθήσεται 58.529 αὐτοῖς σημεῖον, εἰ μὴ τὸ σημεῖον Ἰωνᾶ τοῦ προφήτου, οὐκ ἐρωτῶσι. Καίτοιγε ἐχρῆν καὶ τὸν προφήτην εἰδότας, καὶ τὰ συμβάντα ἅπαντα, καὶ ἐκ δευτέρου τοῦτο ἀκούσαντας, πυθέσθαι καὶ μαθεῖν τί ποτε ἦν τὸ λεγόμενον· ἀλλ' ὅπερ ἔφην, οὐκ ἐπιθυμίᾳ τοῦ μαθεῖν ταῦτα ποιοῦσι. ∆ιὰ δὴ τοῦτο καὶ αὐτὸς ἀφεὶς αὐτοὺς ἀπῆλθε. Καὶ ἐλθόντες οἱ μαθηταὶ αὐτοῦ, φησὶν, εἰς τὸ πέραν, ἐπελάθοντο ἄρτους λαβεῖν. Ὁ δὲ Ἰησοῦς εἶπεν αὐτοῖς· Ὁρᾶτε καὶ προσέχετε ἀπὸ τῆς ζύμης τῶν Φαρισαίων καὶ Σαδδουκαίων. Καὶ διατί μὴ εἶπε, Προσέχετε ἀπὸ τῆς διδασκαλίας, σαφῶς; Βούλεται αὐτοὺς ἀναμνῆσαι τῶν γενομένων· καὶ γὰρ ᾔδει ἐπιλελησμένους. Ἀλλὰ τὸ μὲν ἁπλῶς ἐγκαλέσαι οὐκ ἐδόκει λόγον ἔχειν· τὸ δὲ ἀφορμὴν ἀπ' αὐτῶν λαβόντα οὕτως ἐπιτιμῆσαι εὐπαράδεκτον ἐποίει τὸ ἔγκλημα. Καὶ διατί μὴ τότε ἐπετίμησεν αὐτοῖς, ὅτε εἶπον· Πόθεν ἡμῖν ἐπ' ἐρημίας ἄρτοι τοσοῦτοι; καὶ γὰρ εὔκαιρον ἐδόκει τότε τοῦτο λέγεσθαι. Ἵνα μὴ δόξῃ ἐπιτρέχειν τῷ σημείῳ. Καὶ ἄλλως δὲ οὐκ ἐβούλετο ἐπὶ τῶν ὄχλων αὐτοῖς ἐγκαλέσαι, οὐδὲ ἐπ' ἐκείνων φιλοτιμεῖσθαι. Καὶ νῦν δὲ εὐλογωτέρα ἡ κατηγορία, ὅτι διπλοῦ τοῦ θαύματος γενομένου τοιοῦτοι ἦσαν. ∆ιὸ καὶ ἄλλο θαῦμα ποιήσας, τότε ἐπιτιμᾷ· ἃ γὰρ διελογίζοντο, ταῦτα εἰς μέσον φέρει. Τί δὲ διελογίζοντο; Ὅτι ἄρτους, φησὶν, οὐκ ἐλάβομεν. Ἔτι γὰρ περὶ τὰ καθάρσια ἦσαν τὰ Ἰουδαϊκὰ ἐπτοημένοι, καὶ τὰς τῶν βρωμάτων παρατηρήσεις. ∆ιὸ ἁπάντων ἕνεκεν καὶ σφοδρότερον αὐτοῖς ἐπιτίθεται, λέγων· Τί διαλογίζεσθε ἐν ἑαυτοῖς, ὀλιγόπιστοι, ὅτι ἄρτους οὐκ ἐλάβετε; Οὔπω νοεῖτε, οὐδὲ συνίετε; Πεπωρωμένη ὑμῶν ἐστιν ἡ καρδία; ὀφθαλμοὺς ἔχοντες οὐ βλέπετε, ὦτα ἔχοντες οὐκ ἀκούετε; Οὐ μνημονεύετε τῶν πεντακισχιλίων τοὺς πέντε ἄρτους, καὶ πόσους