John Chrysostom, On Matthew

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indecency, and say to him: Wine was given that we might be glad, not that we might behave indecently; that we might laugh, not that we might be laughed at; that we might be healthy, not that we might be sick; that we might correct a weakness of the body, not that we might cast down the strength of the soul. God has honored you with the gift; why do you dishonor yourself by your excess? Hear what Paul says: Use a little wine for your stomach's sake and your frequent infirmities. But if that holy man, though afflicted by disease and enduring successive illnesses, did not partake of wine until his teacher permitted it, what excuse could we have, who get drunk in good health? To him he said, Use a little wine for your stomach's sake; but to each of you who get drunk he will say: Use a little wine on account of fornication, on account of frequent foul language, on account of the other evil desires which drunkenness is accustomed to produce. But if you are not willing to abstain for these reasons, at least abstain on account of the despondencies and the unpleasantness that come from it. For wine was given for gladness; For wine, 58.565 he says, makes glad the heart of man; but you ruin even this virtue of it. For what gladness is it not to be in one's right mind, and to have countless pains, and to see everything spinning, and to be seized with dizziness, and like those with a fever to need people to moisten one's head with oil? These things I have not said to all, or rather, I have said them to all; not because all are drunk—may it never be! but because those who are not drunk do not care for those who are drunk. For this reason I address myself more to you, who are healthy; since a physician also, leaving the sick, converses with those sitting beside them. To you, therefore, I direct my speech, exhorting you neither ever to be caught by this passion, and to draw up those who have been caught, so that they may not appear worse than the irrational beasts. For those seek nothing more than what is needed; but these have become even more irrational than they, transgressing the bounds of moderation. For how much better than these is the donkey? And how much better is the dog? For each of these animals, and of all the others, whether it needs to eat or to drink, knows sufficiency as its limit, and does not go beyond what is needed; and even if ten thousand were to compel it, it will not endure to go into excess. Therefore in this you are worse than the irrational beasts, not only in the eyes of the healthy, but also in your own. For that you have judged yourselves to be more dishonorable than dogs and donkeys is clear from this. For you do not compel these irrational animals to partake of food beyond measure; and if someone should ask, Why? you will say, So that you do not harm it; but you do not provide even this foresight for yourself. Thus you consider yourself to be of less value than they, and you allow yourself to be continually storm-tossed. For not only on the day of drunkenness do you endure the harm from drunkenness, but also after that day. And just as when a fever has passed, the damage from the fever remains; so also when drunkenness has departed, the storm 58.566 of drunkenness whirls both in the soul and in the body; and the wretched body lies paralyzed, like a ship after a shipwreck; but the soul, more miserable than it, even when the body is dissolved, stirs up the storm, and kindles desire, and when it seems to be sober, then it is most mad, imagining wine and casks and cups and mixing bowls. And just as in a storm, when the squall has ceased, the loss because of the storm remains; so indeed also here, For just as there of the cargo, so also Even if it finds self-control, or modesty, or understanding, or gentleness, or humility, drunkenness throws everything into the sea of lawlessness. But the things that come after are no longer similar. For there, after the casting out, the ship is lightened; but here it is made heavier. For instead of that wealth, it receives sand and salt water, and all the filth of drunkenness, which along with the passengers and the helmsman immediately sinks the ship. In order, therefore, that we may not suffer these things, let us free ourselves from the storm. It is not possible with drunkenness to see the kingdom of heaven. For be not deceived, he says; neither drunkards, nor revilers, shall inherit the kingdom of God. And why do I say kingdom? For with drunkenness

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ἀσχημοσύνην, καὶ εἰπὲ πρὸς αὐτόν· Οἶνος ἐδόθη, ἵνα εὐφραινώμεθα, οὐχ ἵνα ἀσχημονῶμεν· ἵνα γελῶμεν, οὐχ ἵνα γελώμεθα· ἵνα ὑγιαίνωμεν, οὐχ ἵνα νοσῶμεν· ἵνα ἀσθένειαν σώματος διορθωσώμεθα, οὐχ ἵνα ψυχῆς ἰσχὺν καταβάλωμεν. Ἐτίμησέ σε ὁ Θεὸς τῷ δώρῳ· τί σαυτὸν ὑβρίζεις τῇ ἀμετρίᾳ; Ἄκουσον τί φησιν ὁ Παῦλος· Οἴνῳ ὀλίγῳ χρῶ διὰ τὸν στόμαχόν σου καὶ τὰς πυκνάς σου ἀσθενείας. Εἰ δὲ ὁ ἅγιος ἐκεῖνος, καὶ νόσῳ κατεχόμενος, καὶ ἐπαλλήλους ἀῤῥωστίας ὑπομένων, οὐ μετέλαβεν οἴνου, ἕως ἐπέτρεψεν ὁ διδάσκαλος, τίνα ἂν σχοίημεν συγγνώμην ἡμεῖς ἐν ὑγείᾳ μεθύοντες; Ἐκείνῳ μὲν ἔλεγεν, Οἴνῳ ὀλίγῳ χρῶ διὰ τὸν στομαχόν σου· ὑμῶν δὲ ἑκάστῳ τῶν μεθυόντων ἐρεῖ· Οἴνῳ ὀλίγῳ χρῶ διὰ τὰς πορνείας, διὰ τὰς πυκνὰς αἰσχρολογίας, διὰ τὰς ἑτέρας ἐπιθυμίας τὰς πονηρὰς, ἃς ἡ μέθη τίκτειν εἴωθεν. Εἰ δὲ μὴ βούλεσθε διὰ ταῦτα ἀπέχεσθαι, διὰ γοῦν τὰς ἀθυμίας τὰς ἐξ αὐτοῦ καὶ τὰς ἀηδίας ἀπέχεσθε. Οἶνος γὰρ εἰς εὐφροσύνην ἐδόθη· Οἶνος γὰρ, 58.565 φησὶν, εὐφραίνει καρδίαν ἀνθρώπου· ὑμεῖς δὲ καὶ ταύτην αὐτοῦ λυμαίνεσθε τὴν ἀρετήν. Ποία γὰρ εὐφροσύνη μὴ εἶναι ἐν ἑαυτῷ, καὶ ἀλγηδόνας μυρίας ἔχειν, καὶ πάντα ὁρᾷν περιφερόμενα, καὶ σκοτοδίνῳ κατέχεσθαι, καὶ κατὰ τοὺς πυρέττοντας δεῖσθαι τῶν ἐλαίῳ καταβρεχόντων τὰς κεφαλάς; Ταῦτά μοι οὐ πρὸς πάντας εἴρηται, μᾶλλον δὲ πρὸς πάντας· οὐκ ἐπειδὴ πάντες μεθύουσι· μὴ γένοιτο· ἀλλ' ἐπειδὴ τῶν μεθυόντων οἱ μὴ μεθύοντες οὐ φροντίζουσι. ∆ιὰ τοῦτο καὶ πρὸς ὑμᾶς ἀποτείνομαι μᾶλλον, τοὺς ὑγιαίνοντας· ἐπεὶ καὶ ἰατρὸς τοὺς ἀῤῥωστοῦντας ἀφεὶς, ἐκείνοις διαλέγεται τοῖς παρακαθημένοις αὐτοῖς. Πρὸς ὑμᾶς τοίνυν ἀποτείνω τὸν λόγον, παρακαλῶν μήτε ἁλῶναί ποτε τῷ πάθει τούτῳ, καὶ τοὺς ἁλόντας ἀνιμᾶσθαι, ἵνα μὴ τῶν ἀλόγων φαίνωνται χείρους. Ἐκεῖνα μὲν γὰρ πλέον τῆς χρείας οὐδὲν ἐπιζητεῖ· οὗτοι δὲ κἀκείνων ἀλογώτεροι γεγόνασι, τοὺς τῆς συμμετρίας ὑπερβαίνοντες ὅρους. Πόσῳ γὰρ βελτίων τούτων ὁ ὄνος; πόσῳ δὲ ἀμείνων ὁ κύων; Καὶ γὰρ ἕκαστον τούτων τῶν ζώων, καὶ τῶν ἄλλων δὲ ἁπάντων, ἄν τε φαγεῖν, ἄν τε πιεῖν δέῃ, ὅρον τὴν αὐτάρκειαν οἶδε, καὶ πέρα τῆς χρείας οὐ πρόεισι· κἂν μυρίοι οἱ καταναγκάζοντες ὦσιν, οὐκ ἀνέξεται ἐξελθεῖν εἰς ἀμετρίαν. Οὐκοῦν ταύτῃ καὶ τῶν ἀλόγων χείρους ὑμεῖς, οὐ παρὰ τοῖς ὑγιαίνουσι μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ παρ' ὑμῖν αὐτοῖς. Ὅτι γὰρ καὶ κυνῶν καὶ ὄνων ἀτιμοτέρους ἑαυτοὺς εἶναι κεκρίκατε, δῆλον ἐκεῖθεν. Τὰ μὲν γὰρ ἄλογα ταῦτα οὐκ ἀναγκάζεις πέρα τοῦ μέτρου τροφῆς ἀπολαύειν· κἂν ἔρηταί τις, ∆ιατί; Ἵνα μὴ καταβλάψῃς, ἐρεῖς· σαυτῷ δὲ οὐδὲ ταύτην παρέχεις τὴν πρόνοιαν. Οὕτω κἀκείνων σαυτὸν εὐτελέστερον εἶναι νομίζεις, καὶ περιορᾷς διηνεκῶς χειμαζόμενον. Οὐδὲ γὰρ ἐν τῇ ἡμέρᾳ τῆς μέθης μόνον τὴν ἐκ τῆς μέθης βλάβην ὑπομένεις, ἀλλὰ καὶ μετὰ τὴν ἡμέραν ἐκείνην. Καὶ καθάπερ πυρετοῦ παρελθόντος, ἡ ἐκ τοῦ πυρετοῦ μένει λύμη· οὕτω καὶ μέθης ἀπελθούσης, ἡ τῆς μέθης 58.566 ζάλη καὶ ἐν τῇ ψυχῇ καὶ ἐν τῷ σώματι στρέφεται· καὶ τὸ μὲν ἄθλιον σῶμα κεῖται παραλυθὲν, καθάπερ ὑπὸ ναυαγίου σκάφος· ἡ δὲ τούτου ταλαιπωροτέρα ψυχὴ, καὶ τούτου διαλυθέντος τὸν χειμῶνα διεγείρει, καὶ τὴν ἐπιθυμίαν ἀνάπτει, καὶ ὅταν δοκῇ σωφρονεῖν, τότε μάλιστα μαίνεται, οἶνον καὶ πίθους καὶ φιάλας καὶ κρατῆρας φανταζομένη. Καὶ καθάπερ ἐν χειμῶνι παυθείσης τῆς ζάλης, ἡ διὰ τὸν χειμῶνα μένει ζημία· οὕτω δὴ καὶ ἐνταῦθα, Καὶ γὰρ ὥσπερ ἐκεῖ τῶν ἀγωγίμων, οὕτω καὶ Κἂν σωφροσύνην εὕρῃ, κἂν αἰδῶ, κἂν σύνεσιν, κἂν ἐπιείκειαν, κἂν ταπεινοφροσύνην, πάντα ῥίπτει εἰς τὸ τῆς παρανομίας πέλαγος ἡ μέθη. Ἀλλὰ τὰ μετὰ ταῦτα οὐκέτι ὅμοια. Ἐκεῖ μὲν γὰρ μετὰ τὴν ἐκβολὴν τὸ σκάφος κουφίζεται· ἐνταῦθα δὲ βαρύνεται μᾶλλον. Ἀντὶ γὰρ ἐκείνου τοῦ πλούτου δέχεται ψάμμον καὶ ὕδωρ ἁλμυρὸν, καὶ πάντα τὸν τῆς μέθης φορυτὸν, ἅπερ ἅμα τοῖς ἐπιβάταις καὶ τῷ κυβερνήτῃ καταβαπτίζει τὸ σκάφος εὐθέως. Ἵν' οὖν μὴ ταῦτα πάσχωμεν, ἀπαλλάξωμεν ἑαυτοὺς τοῦ χειμῶνος. Οὐκ ἔστι μετὰ μέθης βασιλείαν οὐρανῶν ἰδεῖν. Μὴ πλανᾶσθε γὰρ, φησίν· οὐ μέθυσοι, οὐ λοίδοροι βασιλείαν Θεοῦ κληρονομήσουσι. Καὶ τί λέγω βασιλείαν; Μετὰ γὰρ μέθης