John Chrysostom, On Matthew

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the little ones were not just randomly scandalized by being overlooked and treated with contempt. Therefore, heightening and magnifying the charge, he sets forth the harm resulting from it. And he no longer indicates the punishment by the same things, but from things familiar to us he shows its unbearable nature. For whenever he especially wants to rebuke the more dense, he brings forward tangible examples. For this reason, here too, wishing to show that they will undergo great punishment, and to get through to the arrogance of those who despise them, he brought forward a certain tangible punishment, that of the millstone and the drowning. And yet it would have been consistent with what went before to say, ‘He who does not receive one of these little ones does not receive Me;’ which was more bitter than any punishment; but since for the very insensitive and most dense, this, although fearsome, did not get through in the same way, he presents the millstone and the drowning. And he did not say that a millstone will be hung on his neck; but, ‘It is better for him to endure this,’ showing that another evil more grievous than this awaits him; and if this is unbearable, much more so is that. Do you see how from both 58.570 sides he made the threat fearsome, on the one hand making it clearer by the comparison with a familiar example, and on the other, by its superiority, causing it to be imagined as much greater than what is seen? Do you see how he tore up the mindset of arrogance by the roots? how he healed the wound of vainglory? how he taught not to love the first places at all? how he persuaded those desiring the first places to pursue the last rank everywhere? For nothing is worse than arrogance. It drives one out of one's natural mind, and gives the reputation of a fool; or rather, it makes them to be utterly senseless. For just as if someone, being three cubits tall, were to try to be taller than the mountains, or even think this, and stretch himself up as if surpassing their peaks, we would seek no other proof of senselessness; so also when you see an arrogant person, considering himself to be better than all, and thinking it an insult to live among the many, seek no longer to see another proof of his madness. For this one is much more laughable than those who are naturally foolish, inasmuch as he willingly creates this disease. But he is not wretched only in this, but also because he falls insensibly into the very pit of wickedness. For when will such a one recognize sin as he ought? When will he perceive he is transgressing? For the devil, having taken him as a worthless slave and captive, goes away, and leads and carries him off, striking him from all sides and surrounding him with countless insults. For he then leads them into such great folly, as to persuade them to be proud against children and women, and against their own ancestors. But others, on the contrary, he causes to be puffed up by the distinction of their ancestors; than which what could be more foolish, when they are inflamed alike from opposite causes, some because they had lowly fathers and grandfathers and great-grandfathers, others because they had illustrious and distinguished ones? How then might one humble the inflammation of both? To the latter saying: Go up further than your grandfathers and great-grandfathers, and you will perhaps find many cooks, and donkey-drivers, and retailers; but to these, those puffed up by the lowliness of their ancestors, the opposite again, that you too, again going further up from your ancestors, will see many much more illustrious than you. 4. For that nature has this course, come let me prove to you also from the Scriptures. Solomon was the son of a king, and of an illustrious king; but his father was of the lowly and obscure, and his maternal grandfather likewise; for he would not have given his daughter to a mere soldier. But if you go up again further from these lowly ones, you will see a more illustrious and more royal lineage. So also in the case of Saul, so also in the case of many others one might find this happening. Let us not then be proud on this account. For what is lineage? Tell me. Nothing, but only a name empty of substance; and this you will know on that day. But since that day is not yet here, come, let us persuade you also from present things,

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τῶν μικροψύχων οὐχ ὡς ἔτυχεν ἐκ τοῦ παροφθῆναι καὶ καθυβρισθῆναι ἐσκανδαλίσθησαν. Ἐπαίρων τοίνυν καὶ αὔξων τὸ ἔγκλημα, τὴν ἐξ αὐτοῦ τίθησι βλάβην. Καὶ οὐκέτι ἀπὸ τῶν αὐτῶν τὴν τιμωρίαν ἐμφαίνει, ἀλλ' ἀπὸ τῶν παρ' ἡμῖν γνωρίμων τὸ ἀφόρητον αὐτῆς ἐνδείκνυται. Ὅταν γὰρ μάλιστα καθάψασθαι βούληται τῶν παχυτέρων, αἰσθητὰ ἄγει παραδείγματα. ∆ιὸ καὶ ἐνταῦθα βουλόμενος δεῖξαι, ὅτι πολλὴν ὑποστήσονται τὴν τιμωρίαν, καὶ καθικέσθαι τῆς τῶν διαπτυόντων αὐτοὺς ἀπονοίας, αἰσθητήν τινα κόλασιν εἰς μέσον ἤγαγε, τὴν τοῦ μύλου καὶ τοῦ καταποντισμοῦ. Καίτοιγε ἀκόλουθον τῷ προτέρῳ ἦν εἰπεῖν· Ὁ μὴ δεχόμενος ἕνα τῶν μικρῶν τούτων, ἐμὲ οὐ δέχεται· ὃ πάσης κολάσεως πικρότερον ἦν· ἀλλ' ἐπειδὴ τῶν σφόδρα ἀναισθήτων καὶ παχυτάτων, καίτοι φοβερὸν ὂν τοῦτο οὐχ οὕτω καθικνεῖτο, τίθησι μύλον καὶ καταποντισμόν. Καὶ οὐκ εἶπεν, ὅτι μύλος κρεμασθήσεται εἰς τὸν τράχηλον αὐτοῦ· ἀλλὰ, Συμφέρει αὐτῷ τοῦτο ὑπομεῖναι, δεικνὺς ὅτι ἕτερον τούτου χαλεπώτερον αὐτὸν ἀναμένει κακόν· εἰ δὲ τοῦτο ἀφόρητον, πολλῶ μᾶλλον ἐκεῖνο. Εἶδες πῶς ἑκα 58.570 τέρωθεν φοβερὰν ἐποίησε τὴν ἀπειλὴν, τῇ μὲν τοῦ γνωρίμου παραδείγματος συγκρίσει σαφεστέραν αὐτὴν ποιῶν, τῇ δὲ ἐντεῦθεν ὑπεροχῇ πολλῷ μείζονα τῆς ὁρωμένης φαντάζεσθαι παρασκευάσας; Εἶδες πῶς πρόῤῥιζον ἀνέσπασε τῆς ἀπονοίας τὸ φρόνημα; πῶς ἰάσατο τῆς κενοδοξίας τὸ ἕλκος; πῶς ἐπαίδευσε μηδαμοῦ τῶν πρωτείων ἐρᾷν; πῶς ἔπεισε τοὺς ἐπιθυμοῦντας τῶν πρωτείων τὴν ἐσχάτην πανταχοῦ διώκειν τάξιν; Οὐδὲν γὰρ ἀπονοίας χεῖρον. Αὕτη καὶ τῶν κατὰ φύσιν ἐξίστησι φρενῶν, καὶ μωρῶν ἐπιτίθησι δόξαν· μᾶλλον δὲ καὶ σφόδρα ἀνοήτους εἶναι ποιεῖ. Ὥσπερ γὰρ εἴ τις, τρίπηχυς ὢν, βιάζοιτο εἶναι τῶν ὀρῶν ὑψηλότερος, ἢ καὶ νομίζοι τοῦτο, καὶ ἀνατείνοι ἑαυτὸν ὡς ὑπερβαλλόμενος αὐτῶν τὰς κορυφὰς, οὐδὲν ἕτερον ζητήσομεν δεῖγμα ἀνοίας· οὕτω καὶ ὅταν ἄνθρωπον ἀπονενοημένον ἴδῃς, καὶ ἁπάντων βελτίονα ἑαυτὸν ἡγούμενον εἶναι, καὶ ὕβριν νομίζοντα τὸ μετὰ τῶν πολλῶν ζῇν, μὴ ζήτει λοιπὸν ἕτερον ἔλεγχον ἰδεῖν τῆς ἐκείνου παρανοίας. Τῶν γὰρ φύσει μωρῶν πολὺ καταγελαστότερος οὗτος, ὅσον καὶ ἑκὼν ταύτην δημιουργεῖ τὴν νόσον. Οὐ ταύτῃ δὲ μόνον ἄθλιος, ἀλλ' ὅτι καὶ ἀναλγήτως εἰς αὐτὸ τῆς κακίας ἐμπίπτει τὸ βάραθρον. Πότε γὰρ ὁ τοιοῦτος ἐπιγνώσεται ἁμαρτίαν ὡς χρή; πότε αἰσθήσεται πλημμελῶν; Καὶ γὰρ ὡς ἀνδράποδον κακὸν καὶ αἰχμάλωτον λαβὼν αὐτὸν ὁ διάβολος ἄπεισι, καὶ ἄγει καὶ φέρει, ῥαπίζων πάντοθεν καὶ μυρίαις περιβάλλων ὕβρεσιν. Εἰς τοσαύτην γὰρ αὐτοὺς ἄγει μωρίαν λοιπὸν, ὡς πείθειν καὶ κατὰ παίδων καὶ γυναικῶν μέγα φρονεῖν, καὶ κατὰ τῶν προγόνων τῶν οἰκείων. Ἑτέρους δὲ τοὐναντίον ἀπὸ τῆς τῶν προγόνων περιφανείας φυσᾶσθαι παρασκευάζει· οὗ τί γένοιτ' ἂν ἀνοητότερον, ὅταν ἀπὸ τῶν ἐναντίων ὁμοίως φλεγμαίνωσιν, οἱ μὲν ἐπειδὴ εὐτελεῖς ἔσχον πατέρας καὶ πάππους καὶ ἐπιπάππους, οἱ δὲ ἐπειδὴ λαμπροὺς καὶ περιφανεῖς; Πῶς οὖν ἄν τις ἑκατέρων ταπεινώσειε τὴν φλεγμονήν; Πρὸς μὲν ἐκείνους λέγων· Ἀνάβηθι περαιτέρω τῶν πάππων καὶ τῶν προπάππων, καὶ πολλοὺς ἴσως εὑρήσεις μαγείρους, καὶ ὀνηλάτας, καὶ καπήλους· πρὸς δὲ τούτους, τοὺς ἀπὸ τῆς εὐτελείας τῶν προγόνων φυσωμένους, τὸ ἐναντίον πάλιν, ὅτι Καὶ σὺ πάλιν ἀνωτέρω προελθὼν τῶν προγόνων, ὄψει πολλῷ σου λαμπροτέρους πολλούς. δʹ. Ὅτι γὰρ τοῦτον ἔχει τὸν δρόμον ἡ φύσις, φέρε καὶ ἀπὸ τῶν Γραφῶν ὑμῖν ἀποδείξω· Ὁ Σολομῶν υἱὸς βασιλέως ἦν, καὶ βασιλέως λαμπροῦ· ἀλλ' ὁ τούτου πατὴρ τῶν εὐτελῶν καὶ ἀσήμων, καὶ ὁ πρὸς μητρὸς δὲ πάππος ὁμοίως· οὐδὲ γὰρ ἂν ψιλῷ στρατιώτῃ τὴν θυγατέρα ἐξέδωκεν. Εἰ δὲ ἀναβαίης ἀνωτέρω πάλιν ἀπὸ τῶν εὐτελῶν τούτων, λαμπρότερον ὄψει τὸ γένος καὶ βασιλικώτερον. Οὕτω καὶ ἐπὶ τοῦ Σαοὺλ, οὕτω καὶ ἐπὶ πολλῶν ἑτέρων εὕροι τις ἂν τοῦτο συμβαῖνον. Μὴ δὴ μέγα φρονῶμεν ἐντεῦθεν. Τί γάρ ἐστι γένος; εἰπέ μοι. Οὐδὲν, ἀλλ' ἢ ὄνομα μόνον πράγματος ἔρημον· καὶ τοῦτο εἴσεσθε κατὰ τὴν ἡμέραν ἐκείνην. Ἐπεὶ δὲ οὔπω πάρεστιν ἐκείνη, φέρε καὶ ἀπὸ τῶν παρόντων ὑμᾶς πείσωμεν,