John Chrysostom, On Matthew

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I will speak about philosophy; but to those who are at one time in this state, and at another in that, I will gladly say: At one time you seized what did not belong to you; but after this, being broken by pity, did you also share what was your own with the needy? From where, then, this change? Is it not clear that it is from your judgment and choice? It is clear; and there is no one who would not say this. Therefore I urge you to be zealous and to hold fast to virtue, and you will have no need of these inquiries. For evils are only names, if we are willing. Do not, therefore, ask, from where are evils, nor be perplexed; but having found that they are from indolence alone, flee from evils. And if someone should say that these things are not from us, when you see him becoming angry with a servant, and provoked with his wife, and accusing his child, and condemning wrongdoers, say to him: How then did you say that evils are not from us? For if they are not from us, for what reason do you accuse? Say again: Do you revile and insult from yourself? For if it is not from yourself, let no one be angry with you; but if it is from yourself, from you and from your indolence come evils. And what? Do you think there are some who are good? For if no one is good, from where do you have this name? from where the praises? But if there are good people, it is clear that they will also rebuke the wicked. But if no one is willingly wicked, nor from himself, the good will be found unjustly rebuking the evil, and they themselves will also be evil again in this way. For what could be worse than to subject the irresponsible to accusations? But if they remain good for us even while rebuking, and this is especially a sign of their goodness, it is clear even to the very foolish from this that no one is ever evil by necessity. But if even after all this you should ask, from where are evils? from indolence I would say, from idleness, from associating with evil men, from despising virtue; from here come evils, and the questioning of some, from where are evils. For none of those who do right seek these things, those who choose to live decently and soberly; but those who dare wicked things, and wish to devise some foolish consolation for themselves through these arguments, weave spiders' webs. But let us tear these apart not by words only, but also by deeds. For 58.578 these things are not of necessity. For if it were of necessity, He would not have said, "Woe to the man by whom the scandal comes!" For He declares wretched only those who are wicked by choice. But if He says, "by whom," do not be surprised. For He does not say this as if another introduces it through him, but as him constructing the whole thing himself. For Scripture knows to say "through whom" for "by whom"; as when it says, "I have gotten a man through God;" not placing the second cause, but the first. And again, "Is not their interpretation through God?" and, "God is faithful, through whom you were called into the fellowship of His Son." 4. And that you may learn that it is not of necessity, hear also what follows. For after declaring this woe, He says: "If your hand or your foot causes you to stumble, cut them off and throw them from you. It is better for you to enter into life lame or maimed, than having two hands and feet to be cast into the fire. And if your right eye causes you to stumble, pluck it out. It is better for you to enter into life with one eye, than having two eyes to be cast into the furnace of fire;" not saying these things about limbs—far from it—but about friends, about relatives, whom we hold in the place of necessary members. This He has said before, and says it now. For nothing is so harmful as evil company. For what necessity cannot do, friendship often can, both for harm and for benefit. Therefore with great vehemence He commands to cut off those who harm us, alluding to those who bring the scandals. Did you see how He checked the harm that would come from scandals? By foretelling that it will certainly be, so that no one might be found in indolence, but expecting them might be sober; by showing that they are great evils (for He would not have simply said, "Woe to the world for scandals!" but showing the great ruin from them); by again declaring wretched the one who brings them, in a greater degree. For to say, "But woe to that man," was to show great punishment; not

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διαλέξομαι περὶ φιλοσοφίας· τοῖς δὲ ποτὲ μὲν ἐν τούτῳ, ποτὲ δὲ ἐν ἐκείνῳ γενομένοις ἡδέως ἐρῶ· Ἤρπασάς ποτε μὲν τὰ μὴ προσήκοντα· μετὰ δὲ ταῦτα κατακλασθεὶς ὑπὸ ἐλέου, καὶ τῶν σαυτοῦ μετέδωκας τῷ δεομένῳ; Πόθεν οὖν αὕτη ἡ μεταβολή; οὐκ εὔδηλον ὅτι ἀπὸ γνώμης καὶ προαιρέσεως; Εὔδηλον· καὶ οὐκ ἔστιν ὅστις οὐκ ἂν εἴποι τοῦτο. ∆ιὸ παρακαλῶ σπουδάζειν καὶ ἀρετῆς ἔχεσθαι, καὶ οὐδὲν δεήσεσθε τῶν ζητημάτων τούτων. Τὰ γὰρ κακὰ, ὀνόματά ἐστι μόνον, ἐὰν θέλωμεν. Μὴ τοίνυν ζήτει, πόθεν τὰ κακὰ, μηδὲ διαπόρει· ἀλλ' εὑρὼν ὅτι ἀπὸ ῥᾳθυμίας μόνης, φεῦγε τὰ κακά. Κἂν εἴπῃ τις ὅτι οὐ παρ' ἡμῶν ταῦτα, ὅταν ἴδῃς ὀργιζόμενον οἰκέτῃ, καὶ παροξυνόμενον γυναικὶ, καὶ ἐγκαλοῦντα παιδὶ, καὶ καταγινώσκοντα τῶν ἀδικούντων, εἰπὲ πρὸς αὐτόν· Πῶς οὖν ἔλεγες, ὅτι οὐ παρ' ἡμῶν τὰ κακά; Εἰ γὰρ οὐ παρ' ἡμῶν, τίνος ἕνεκεν ἐγκαλεῖς; Εἰπὲ πάλιν· Ἀπὸ σαυτοῦ λοιδορεῖς καὶ ὑβρίζεις; Εἰ μὲν γὰρ οὐκ ἀπὸ σαυτοῦ, μηδείς σοι ὀργιζέσθω· εἰ δὲ ἀπὸ σαυτοῦ, ἀπὸ σοῦ καὶ ἀπὸ τῆς σῆς ῥᾳθυμίας τὰ κακά. Τί δέ; νομίζεις εἶναί τινας ἀγαθούς; Εἰ μὲν γὰρ μηδεὶς ἀγαθὸς, πόθεν σοι τὸ ὄνομα τοῦτο; πόθεν οἱ ἔπαινοι; Εἰ δὲ εἰσὶν ἀγαθοὶ, εὔδηλον ὅτι καὶ τοῖς πονηροῖς ἐπιτιμήσουσιν. Ἀλλ' εἰ μή τίς ἐστιν ἑκὼν πονηρὸς, μηδὲ παρ' ἑαυτοῦ, ἀδίκως εὑρεθήσονται ἐπιτιμῶντες οἱ ἀγαθοὶ τοῖς κακοῖς, καὶ ἔσονται καὶ αὐτοὶ ταύτῃ κακοὶ πάλιν. Τί γὰρ ἂν κάκιον γένοιτ' ἂν τοῦ τὸν ἀνεύθυνον ὑποβάλλειν ἐγκλήμασιν; Εἰ δὲ μένουσιν ἡμῖν ἀγαθοὶ καὶ ἐπιτιμῶντες καὶ τοῦτο μάλιστα τῆς ἀγαθότητος αὐτῶν δεῖγμα, καὶ τοῖς σφόδρα ἀνοήτοις κἀντεῦθεν δῆλον, ὅτι οὐδεὶς οὐδέποτε ἀνάγκῃ κακός. Εἰ δὲ καὶ μετὰ ταῦτα πάντα ζητοίης, πόθεν τὰ κακά; ἀπὸ ῥᾳθυμίας εἴποιμ' ἂν, ἀπὸ ἀργίας, ἀπὸ τοῦ πονηροῖς συγγίνεσθαι, ἀπὸ τοῦ καταφρονεῖν ἀρετῆς· ἐντεῦθεν καὶ τὰ κακὰ, καὶ τὸ ζητεῖν τινας, πόθεν τὰ κακά. Ὡς τῶν γε κατορθούντων οὐδεὶς ταῦτα ἐπιζητεῖ, τῶν ἐπιεικῶς καὶ σωφρόνως ζῇν προαιρουμένων· ἀλλ' οἱ πονηρὰ τολμῶντες, καὶ παραμυθίαν τινὰ ἀνόητον διὰ τούτων βουλόμενοι τῶν λόγων ἐπινοεῖν, ἀραχνῶν ὑφάσματα πλέκουσιν. Ἀλλ' ἡμεῖς ταῦτα μὴ διὰ λόγων μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ διὰ τῶν ἔργων διαῤῥήξωμεν. Οὐδὲ γὰρ 58.578 ἀνάγκης ἐστὶ ταῦτα. Εἰ γὰρ ἀνάγκης ἦν, οὐκ ἂν εἶπεν· Οὐαὶ τῷ ἀνθρώπῳ, δι' οὗ τὸ σκάνδαλον ἔρχεται! Ἐκείνους γὰρ μόνους ταλανίζει τοὺς ἐκ προαιρέσεως πονηρούς. Εἰ δὲ, ∆ι' οὗ, λέγει, μὴ θαυμάσῃς. Οὐ γὰρ ὡς ἑτέρου δι' αὐτοῦ εἰσάγοντος τοῦτό φησιν, ἀλλ' ὡς αὐτοῦ τὸ πᾶν κατασκευάζοντος. Οἶδε γὰρ τὸ δι' οὗ, τὸ ὑφ' οὗ λέγειν ἡ Γραφή· ὡς ὅταν λέγῃ· Ἐκτησάμην ἄνθρωπον διὰ τοῦ Θεοῦ· οὐ τὸ δεύτερον αἴτιον, ἀλλὰ τὸ πρῶτον τιθεῖσα. Καὶ πάλιν· Οὐχὶ διὰ τοῦ Θεοῦ ἡ διασάφησις αὐτῶν ἐστι; καὶ, Πιστὸς ὁ Θεὸς, δι' οὗ ἐκλήθητε εἰς κοινωνίαν τοῦ Υἱοῦ αὐτοῦ. δʹ. Καὶ ἵνα μάθῃς, ὅτι οὐκ ἔστιν ἀνάγκης, ἄκουσον καὶ τῶν ἑξῆς. Μετὰ γὰρ τὸ ταλανίσαι, φησίν· Εἰ ἡ χείρ σου ἢ ὁ ποῦς σου σκανδαλίζει σε, ἔκκοψον αὐτὰ, καὶ βάλε ἀπὸ σοῦ. Καλὸν γάρ σοί ἐστιν εἰσελθεῖν εἰς τὴν ζωὴν χωλὸν ἢ κυλλὸν, ἢ δύο χεῖρας καὶ πόδας ἔχοντα βληθῆναι εἰς τὸ πῦρ. Καὶ εἰ ὁ ὀφθαλμός σου ὁ δεξιὸς σκανδαλίζει σε, ἔξελε αὐτόν. Καλόν σοί ἐστι μονόφθαλμον εἰσελθεῖν εἰς τὴν ζωὴν, ἢ δύο ὀφθαλμοὺς ἔχοντα βληθῆναι εἰς τὴν κάμινον τοῦ πυρός· οὐ περὶ μελῶν ταῦτα λέγων· ἄπαγε· ἀλλὰ περὶ φίλων, περὶ τῶν προσηκόντων, οὓς ἐν τάξει μελῶν ἔχομεν ἀναγκαίων. Τοῦτο καὶ ἀνωτέρω εἴρηκε, καὶ νῦν λέγει. Οὐδὲν γὰρ οὕτω βλαβερὸν, ὡς συνουσία πονηρά. Ὅσα γὰρ ἀνάγκη μὴ δύναται, δύναται φιλία πολλάκις καὶ εἰς βλάβην καὶ εἰς ὠφέλειαν. ∆ιὸ μετὰ πολλῆς τῆς σφοδρότητος τοὺς βλάπτοντας ἡμᾶς ἐκκόπτειν κελεύει, τούτους αἰνιττόμενος τοὺς τὰ σκάνδαλα φέροντας. Εἶδες πῶς τὴν ἐσομένην ἐκ τῶν σκανδάλων ἀνεκρούσατο βλάβην; Τῷ προειπεῖν, ὅτι πάντως ἔσται, ὥστε μηδένα ἐν ῥᾳθυμίᾳ εὑρεῖν, ἀλλὰ προσδοκῶντας αὐτὰ νήφειν· τῷ δεῖξαι μεγάλα ὄντα κακὰ (οὐ γὰρ ἂν ἁπλῶς εἶπεν, Οὐαὶ τῷ κόσμῳ ἀπὸ τῶν σκανδάλων! ἀλλὰ δεικνὺς μεγάλην τὴν ἐξ αὐτῶν λύμην)· τῷ ταλανίσαι πάλιν τὸν εἰσάγοντα αὐτὰ μειζόνως. Τὸ γὰρ εἰπεῖν, Πλὴν οὐαὶ τῷ ἀνθρώπῳ ἐκείνῳ, πολλὴν δεικνύντος ἦν τὴν τιμωρίαν· οὐ