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let us examine the class of artisans and craftsmen. For these especially seem to live by just labors, and by their own sweat. But even these, when they are not watchful of themselves, gather many evils for themselves from this source. For they introduce the injustice from selling and buying to the work of just labors, and often add oaths and perjuries and falsehoods to their greed, and are concerned only with the things of this life, and remain nailed to the earth; and they do everything in order to make money; but as to how they might share with those in need, they do not make much effort, always wishing to increase what they have. What could one say of the revilings on account of such things, the insults, the loans, the interest, the transactions full of petty dealing, the shameless trading? 3. But do you wish that, leaving these, we should come to others, who indeed seem to be more just? Who then are these? Those who own the fields, and reap the wealth from the land. And what could be more unjust than these? For if one were to examine how they treat the wretched and miserable farmers, he will see that they are more savage than barbarians. For upon those who are wasting away in famine, and who labor through their whole life, they impose continuous and unbearable taxes, and they command burdensome services, and they use their bodies as if they were donkeys and mules, or rather as stones, not allowing them to catch their breath even for a little while, and whether the land produces or does not produce, they wear them down alike, and grant them no pardon; what could be more pitiful than this, when after toiling through the whole winter, and being spent by frost and rain and sleeplessness, they depart with empty hands, still owing more, and dreading and shuddering more than this famine and shipwreck at the tortures from the overseers and the draggings and the demands and the seizures and the inexorable public services? What could one say of the traffickings they make of them, the retailings they make of them, 58.592 filling wine-presses and vats from their labors and sweat, but not allowing them to bring even a small measure home, but drawing off the whole harvest into the casks of their own lawlessness, and tossing them a little money for it? And they devise new kinds of interest, not even sanctioned by the laws of the Greeks, and they compose loan contracts full of many a curse. For they compel them to pay not one-hundredth of the whole, but half of the whole; and this, though the one being demanded has a wife, and raises children, and is a human being, and fills both the threshing floor and the wine-press with his own labors. But they consider none of these things. Wherefore it is opportune to bring forward the prophet to say: Be astonished, O heaven, and shudder, O earth; to what great bestiality the race of men has been driven to frenzy. But I say these things, not disparaging crafts, nor farming, nor military service, nor fields, but ourselves. Since Cornelius was a centurion, and Paul a tentmaker, and after his preaching he used his craft; and David was a king; and Job enjoyed lands and great revenues; and from these things there was no hindrance to virtue for any of them. Considering all these things, then, and calculating the ten thousand talents, let us at least from this be urged to forgive our neighbors those few and insignificant things. For we are held to account for the commandments entrusted to us, and we cannot pay everything, whatever we might do. For this reason God has given us an easy and simple way of payment, one able to cancel all those things, I mean, not bearing a grudge. In order, then, that we may learn this well, let us, as we proceed, listen to the whole parable. For there was brought to him, it says, one debtor of ten thousand talents. And when he did not have the means to repay, he ordered him to be sold, and his wife, and his children. For what reason? tell me. Not out of cruelty, nor inhumanity; for even to

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δημιουργῶν γένος καὶ χειροτεχνῶν ἐξετάσωμεν. Οὗτοι γὰρ μάλιστα δοκοῦσιν ἐκ δικαίων διαζῇν πόνων, καὶ τῶν ἱδρώτων τῶν ἑαυτῶν. Ἀλλὰ καὶ οὗτοι ὅταν μὴ προσέχωσιν ἑαυτοῖς, πολλὰ ἐντεῦθεν συνάγουσιν ἑαυτοῖς κακά. Τὴν γὰρ ἀπὸ τῆς πράσεως καὶ ἀγορασίας ἀδικίαν ἐπεισάγουσι τῇ τῶν δικαίων πόνων ἐργασίᾳ, καὶ ὅρκους καὶ ἐπιορκίας καὶ ψευδολογίας προστιθέασι τῇ πλεονεξίᾳ πολλάκις, καὶ τῶν βιωτικῶν μόνων εἰσὶ πραγμάτων, καὶ τῇ γῇ προσηλωμένοι διατελοῦσι· καὶ ὅπως μὲν χρηματίσωνται, πάντα πράττουσιν· ὅπως δὲ μεταδοῖεν τοῖς δεομένοις, οὐ πολλὴν τίθενται τὴν σπουδὴν, ἀεὶ τὰ ὄντα αὔξειν βουλόμενοι. Τί ἄν τις εἴποι τὰς λοιδορίας τὰς ὑπὲρ τῶν τοιούτων, τὰς ὕβρεις, τὰ δανείσματα, τοὺς τόκους, τὰ συναλλάγματα τὰ πολλῆς γέμοντα καπηλείας, τὰς ἐμπορίας τὰς ἀναισχύντους; γʹ. Ἀλλὰ βούλεσθε καὶ τούτους ἀφέντες, ἐφ' ἑτέρους ἔλθωμεν, τοὺς δὴ δοκοῦντας εἶναι δικαιοτέρους; Τίνες οὖν εἰσιν οὗτοι; Οἱ τοὺς ἀγροὺς κεκτημένοι, καὶ τὸν ἀπὸ τῆς γῆς δρεπόμενοι πλοῦτον. Καὶ τί τούτων γένοιτ' ἂν ἀδικώτερον; Εἰ γάρ τις ἐξετάσειε πῶς τοῖς ἀθλίοις καὶ ταλαιπώροις κέχρηνται γεωργοῖς, βαρβάρων αὐτοὺς ὠμοτέρους ὄψεται. Τοῖς γὰρ ἐν λιμῷ τηκομένοις, καὶ δι' ὅλης πονουμένοις τῆς ζωῆς, καὶ τελέσματα διηνεκῆ καὶ ἀφόρητα ἐπιτιθέασι, καὶ διακονίας ἐπιπόνους ἐπιτάττουσι, καὶ ὡς ὄνοις καὶ ἡμιόνοις, μᾶλλον δὲ ὡς λίθοις τοῖς ἐκείνων κέχρηνται σώμασιν, οὐδὲ μικρὸν ἀναπνεῦσαι συγχωροῦντες, καὶ παρεχούσης τῆς γῆς, καὶ μὴ παρεχούσης, ὁμοίως αὐτοὺς κατατείνουσι, καὶ οὐδεμιᾶς αὐτοῖς συγγνώμης μεταδιδόασιν· οὗ τί γένοιτ' ἂν ἐλεεινότερον, ὅταν δι' ὁλοκλήρου τοῦ χειμῶνος πονέσαντες, καὶ κρυμῷ καὶ ὄμβρῳ καὶ ἀγρυπνίαις δαπανηθέντες, κεναῖς ἀναχωρήσωσι ταῖς χερσὶν, ἔτι καὶ προσοφείλοντες, καὶ τοῦ λιμοῦ τούτου καὶ τοῦ ναυαγίου τὰς τῶν ἐπιτρόπων βασάνους καὶ τοὺς ἑλκυσμοὺς καὶ τὰς ἀπαιτήσεις καὶ τὰς ἀπαγωγὰς καὶ τὰς ἀπαραιτήτους λειτουργίας μᾶλλον δεδοικότες καὶ φρίττοντες; Τί ἄν τις εἴποι τὰς ἐμπορίας, ἃς αὐτοὺς ἐμπορεύονται, τὰς καπηλείας, ἃς αὐτοὺς καπηλεύου 58.592 σιν, ἀπὸ μὲν τῶν πόνων αὐτῶν καὶ τῶν ἱδρώτων ληνοὺς καὶ ὑπολήνια πληροῦντες, αὐτοῖς δὲ οἴκαδε οὐδὲ ὀλίγον εἰσαγαγεῖν ἐπιτρέποντες μέτρον, ἀλλ' ὁλόκληρον τὸν καρπὸν εἰς τοὺς τῆς παρανομίας αὐτῶν ἀντλοῦντες πίθους, καὶ ὀλίγον αὐτοῖς ὑπὲρ τούτου προσριπτοῦντες ἀργύριον; Καινὰ δὲ καὶ γένη τόκων ἐπινοοῦσι, καὶ οὐδὲ τοῖς Ἑλλήνων νόμοις νενομισμένα, καὶ δανεισμάτων γραμματεῖα πολλῆς γέμοντα τῆς ἀρᾶς συντιθέασιν. Οὐδὲ γὰρ ἑκατοστὴν τοῦ παντὸς, ἀλλὰ τὸ ἥμισυ τοῦ παντὸς ἀπαιτεῖν βιάζονται· καὶ ταῦτα τοῦ ἀπαιτουμένου καὶ γυναῖκα ἔχοντος, καὶ παιδία τρέφοντος, καὶ ἀνθρώπου ὄντος, καὶ τοῖς οἰκείοις πόνοις καὶ τὴν ἄλω καὶ τὴν ληνὸν πληροῦντος. Ἀλλ' οὐδὲν τούτων ἐννοοῦσι. ∆ιὸ δὴ τὸν προφήτην εὔκαιρον παραστησάμενον εἰπεῖν· Ἔκστηθι, οὐρανὲ, καὶ φρῖξον, γῆ· εἰς ὅσην θηριωδίαν τὸ τῶν ἀνθρώπων γένος ἐξεβακχεύθη. Ταῦτα δὲ λέγω, οὐ τέχνας, οὐδὲ γεωργίαν, οὐδὲ στρατείαν, οὐδὲ ἀγροὺς διαβάλλων, ἀλλ' ἡμᾶς αὐτούς. Ἐπεὶ καὶ ὁ Κορνήλιος ἑκατοντάρχης ἦν, καὶ ὁ Παῦλος σκυτοτόμος, καὶ μετὰ τὸ κήρυγμα τῇ τέχνῃ ἐκέχρητο· καὶ ὁ ∆αυῒδ βασιλεὺς ἦν· καὶ ὁ Ἰὼβ χωρίων ἀπήλαυε καὶ πολλῶν προσόδων· καὶ οὐδὲν ἦν ἐντεῦθεν κώλυμα οὐδενὶ τούτων πρὸς ἀρετήν. Ταῦτ' οὖν ἅπαντα ἐννοοῦντες, καὶ τὰ μυρία τάλαντα ἀναλογιζόμενοι, κἂν ἐντεῦθεν ἐπειχθῶμεν πρὸς τὸ ἀφιέναι τοῖς πλησίον τὰ ὀλίγα ἐκεῖνα καὶ εὐτελῆ. Καὶ γὰρ λόγος ἡμῖν γίνεται τῶν ἐμπιστευθεισῶν ἡμῖν ἐντολῶν, καὶ οὐκ ἔχομεν πάντα καταβαλεῖν, οὐδ' ἂν ὁτιοῦν ποιήσωμεν. ∆ιὰ τοῦτο ἔδωκεν ἡμῖν ὁ Θεὸς πρὸς ἔκτισιν εὔκολόν τε καὶ ῥᾳδίαν ὁδὸν, καὶ πάντα δυναμένην διαλύσασθαι ἐκεῖνα, τὸ μὴ μνησικακεῖν λέγω. Ἵν' οὖν τοῦτο μάθωμεν καλῶς, ἀκούσωμεν ὁδῷ προϊόντες τῆς παραβολῆς ἁπάσης. Προσηνέχθη γὰρ αὐτῷ, φησὶν, εἷς ὀφειλέτης μυρίων ταλάντων. Οὐκ ἔχοντος δὲ αὐτοῦ ἀποτῖσαι, ἐκέλευσεν αὐτὸν πραθῆναι, καὶ τὴν γυναῖκα αὐτοῦ, καὶ τὰ παιδία. Τίνος ἕνεκεν; εἰπέ μοι. Οὐκ ἐξ ὠμότητος, οὐδὲ ἀπανθρωπίας· καὶ γὰρ εἰς