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her from the body, but that we may prefer piety above all things; this he says also concerning a wife and brothers. And it seems to me that he is also alluding to the persecutions here. For since there were many fathers drawing their children into impiety, and wives their husbands; When they command these things, he says, let them be neither wives nor fathers; which is what Paul also said; But if the unbeliever departs, let him depart. Having then raised the spirits of all, and having persuaded them to be of good courage both for themselves and for the whole world, he added, that But many who are first will be last, and the last first. And while this has been said indefinitely and concerning many other things, it has been said also concerning these, and concerning the disbelieving Pharisees; which he also said before, that Many will come from east and west, and recline with Abraham, and Isaac, and Jacob; but the sons of the kingdom will be cast out. Then he brings forward also a parable, anointing with much zeal those who had come late. For the kingdom of heaven, he says, is like a householder, who went out early in the morning to hire laborers for his vineyard. And when he had agreed with them for a denarius a day, he sent them into the vineyard. And at the third hour he saw others standing idle, and to them he said: Go you also into the vineyard, and whatever is right, I will give you. And about the sixth and ninth hour he did likewise. But about the eleventh hour he saw others standing idle, and says to them: Why have you stood here all the day idle? But they say 58.612 to him: No one has hired us. He says to them: Go you also into my vineyard, and whatever is right, you shall receive. But when evening had come, the lord of the vineyard says to his steward: Call the laborers, and give them their wages, beginning from the last to the first. And when those came who were hired about the eleventh hour, they received each a denarius. And the first supposed that they would receive more, and they also received each a denarius. And when they had received it, they murmured against the householder, saying: These last have worked only one hour, and you have made them equal to us, who have borne the burden of the day, and the heat? But he answered one of them and said: Friend, I am not wronging you; did you not agree with me for a denarius? Take what is yours, and go; but I wish to give to this last one even as to you. Or is it not lawful for me to do what I wish with my own things? Is your eye evil, because I am good? So the last will be first, and the first last. For many are called, but few are chosen. 3. What does this parable mean for us? For what is said at the beginning does not agree with what is said at the end, but shows entirely the opposite. For in this it shows all enjoying the same things, and not some being cast out, and others being brought in; but he himself, both before the parable and after the parable, said the opposite, that The first will be last, and the last first; that is, first even of the first themselves, not with the first remaining first, but with them having become last. For that he is indicating this, he added: For many are called, but few are chosen; so as to sting them twofold, and to console and encourage these. But the parable does not say this; but that they will be equal to those who are well-reputed and have labored much. For you have made them equal to us, it says, who have borne the burden of the day, and the heat. What then is it that the parable says? For it is necessary to make this clear first, and then we will resolve that other matter. The vineyard, he says, is the ordinances of God, and the commandments; and the time of labor, the present life; and the laborers, those who are variously called to the commandments; and early morning and about the third and sixth and ninth and eleventh hour, those who have come at different ages and have been well-pleasing. But the question is this, whether the first, having been gloriously well-pleasing, and having been pleasing to God, and having shone all day from their labors, are possessed by the final passion of wickedness, by malice and envy. For seeing them of the same

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αὐτὴν ἀπὸ τοῦ σώματος, ἀλλ' ἵνα πάντων προτιμῶμεν τὴν εὐσέβειαν· τοῦτο καὶ ἐπὶ γυναικὸς καὶ ἀδελφῶν φησι. ∆οκεῖ δέ μοι καὶ τοὺς διωγμοὺς ἐνταῦθα αἰνίττεσθαι. Ἐπειδὴ γὰρ πολλοὶ ἦσαν καὶ πατέρες εἰς ἀσέβειαν ἕλκοντες παῖδας, καὶ γυναῖκες ἄνδρας· Ὅταν ταῦτα κελεύωσι, φησὶ, μήτε γυναῖκες ἔστωσαν, μήτε πατέρες· ὅπερ οὖν καὶ ὁ Παῦλος ἔλεγεν· Εἰ δὲ ὁ ἄπιστος χωρίζεται, χωριζέσθω. Ἀναστήσας τοίνυν πάντων τὰ φρονήματα, καὶ πείσας καὶ ὑπὲρ ἑαυτῶν καὶ ὑπὲρ τῆς οἰκουμένης ἁπάσης θαῤῥεῖν, προσέθηκεν, ὅτι Πολλοὶ δὲ ἔσονται πρῶτοι ἔσχατοι, καὶ ἔσχατοι πρῶτοι. Τοῦτο δὲ εἰ καὶ ἀδιορίστως καὶ περὶ πολλῶν καὶ ἑτέρων εἴρηται, εἴρηται καὶ περὶ τούτων, καὶ περὶ Φαρισαίων τῶν ἀπειθούντων· ὅπερ καὶ ἔμπροσθεν εἶπεν, ὅτι Πολλοὶ ἥγουσιν ἀπὸ ἀνατολῶν καὶ δυσμῶν, καὶ ἀνακλιθήσονται μετὰ Ἀβραὰμ, καὶ Ἰσαὰκ, καὶ Ἰακώβ· οἱ δὲ υἱοὶ τῆς βασιλείας ἔξω βληθήσονται. Εἶτα ἐπάγει καὶ παραβολὴν, εἰς πολλὴν προθυμίαν ἀλείφων τοὺς ὑστερηκότας. Ὁμοία γάρ ἐστι, φησὶν, ἡ βασιλεία τῶν οὐρανῶν ἀνθρώπῳ οἰκοδεσπότῃ, ὅστις ἐξῆλθεν ἅμα πρωῒ μισθώσασθαι ἐργάτας εἰς τὸν ἀμπελῶνα αὐτοῦ. Καὶ συμφωνήσας μετ' αὐτῶν ἐκ δηναρίου τὴν ἡμέραν, ἀπέστειλεν αὐτοὺς εἰς τὸν ἀμπελῶνα. Καὶ τῇ τρίτῃ ὥρᾳ εἶδεν ἄλλους ἑστῶτας ἀργοὺς, κἀκείνοις εἶπεν· Ὑπάγετε καὶ ὑμεῖς εἰς τὸν ἀμπελῶνα, καὶ ὃ ἐὰν ᾖ δίκαιον, δώσω ὑμῖν. Καὶ περὶ ἕκτην καὶ ἐνάτην ὥραν ἐποίησεν ὡσαύτως. Περὶ δὲ τὴν ἑνδεκάτην ὥραν εἶδεν ἄλλους ἑστῶτας ἀργοὺς, καὶ λέγει αὐτοῖς· Τί ὧδε ἑστήκατε ὅλην τὴν ἡμέραν ἀργοί; Οἱ δὲ λέγουσιν 58.612 αὐτῷ· Οὐδεὶς ἡμᾶς ἐμισθώσατο. Λέγει αὐτοῖς· Ὑπάγετε καὶ ὑμεῖς εἰς τὸν ἀμπελῶνα μου, καὶ ὃ ἐὰν ᾖ δίκαιον, λήψεσθε. Ὀψίας δὲ γενομένης, λέγει ὁ κύριος τοῦ ἀμπελῶνος τῷ ἐπιτρόπῳ αὐτοῦ· Κάλεσον τοὺς ἐργάτας, καὶ δὸς αὐτοῖς τὸν μισθὸν, ἀρξάμενος ἀπὸ τῶν ἐσχάτων ἕως τῶν πρώτων. Καὶ ἐλθόντες οἱ περὶ τὴν ἑνδεκάτην ὥραν, ἔλαβον ἀνὰ δηνάριον. Καὶ οἱ πρῶτοι ἐνόμισαν ὅτι πλείονα λήψονται, καὶ ἔλαβον καὶ αὐτοὶ ἀνὰ δηνάριον. Καὶ λαβόντες ἐγόγγυζον κατὰ τοῦ οἰκοδεσπότου, λέγοντες· Οὗτοι οἱ ἔσχατοι μίαν ὥραν ἐποίησαν, καὶ ἴσους ἡμῖν αὐτοὺς ἐποίησας, τοῖς βαστάσασι τὸ βάρος τῆς ἡμέρας, καὶ τὸν καύσωνα; Ὁ δὲ ἀποκριθεὶς ἑνὶ αὐτῶν εἶπεν· Ἑταῖρε, οὐκ ἀδικῶ σε· οὐχὶ δηναρίου συνεφώνησάς μοι; Ἆρον τὸ σὸν, καὶ ὕπαγε· θέλω δὲ καὶ τούτῳ τῷ ἐσχάτῳ δοῦναι ὡς καὶ σοί. Ἢ οὐκ ἔξεστί μοι ὃ θέλω ποιῆσαι ἐν τοῖς ἐμοῖς; Εἰ ὁ ὀφθαλμός σου πονηρός ἐστιν, ὅτι ἐγὼ ἀγαθός εἰμι; Οὕτως ἔσονται οἱ ἔσχατοι πρῶτοι, καὶ οἱ πρῶτοι ἔσχατοι. Πολλοὶ γάρ εἰσι κλητοὶ, ὀλίγοι δὲ ἐκλεκτοί. γʹ. Τί βούλεται ἡμῖν ἡ παραβολὴ αὕτη; Οὐ γὰρ συνᾴδει τῷ πρὸς τῷ τέλει λεχθέντι τὸ ἐξ ἀρχῆς, ἀλλὰ τοὐναντίον ἅπαν ἐμφαίνει. Ἐν ταύτῃ μὲν γὰρ δείκνυσιν ἅπαντας τῶν αὐτῶν ἀπολαύοντας, καὶ οὐ τοὺς μὲν ἐκβαλλομένους, τοὺς δὲ εἰσαγομένους· αὐτὸς δὲ καὶ πρὸ τῆς παραβολῆς καὶ μετὰ τὴν παραβολὴν τοὐναντίον εἶπεν, ὅτι Ἔσονται οἱ πρῶτοι ἔσχατοι, καὶ οἱ ἔσχατοι πρῶτοι· τουτέστιν, ὅτι καὶ αὐτῶν τῶν πρώτων πρῶτοι, οὐχὶ πρώτων μενόντων, ἀλλ' ἐσχάτων ἐκείνων γενομένων. Ὅτι γὰρ τοῦτο δηλοῖ, ἐπήγαγε· Πολλοὶ γάρ εἰσι κλητοὶ, ὀλίγοι δὲ ἐκλεκτοί· ὥστε διπλῇ κἀκείνους δακεῖν, καὶ τούτους παραμυθήσασθαι καὶ προτρέψαι. Ἡ δὲ παραβολὴ οὐ τοῦτό φησιν· ἀλλ' ὅτι τῶν εὐδοκίμων καὶ πολλὰ πεπονηκότων ἔσονται ἴσοι. Ἴσους γὰρ αὐτοὺς ἡμῖν ἐποίησας, φησὶ, τοῖς βαστάσασι τὸ βάρος τῆς ἡμέρας, καὶ τὸν καύσωνα. Τί οὖν ἐστιν ὅ φησιν ἡ παραβολή; Ἀναγκαῖον γὰρ τοῦτο πρῶτον ποιῆσαι σαφὲς, καὶ τότε ἐκεῖνο διαλύσομεν. Ἀμπελῶνα μὲν, τὰ ἐπιτάγματα τοῦ Θεοῦ φησιν εἶναι, καὶ τὰς ἐντολάς· χρόνον δὲ τῆς ἐργασίας, τὸν παρόντα βίον· ἐργάτας δὲ, τοὺς διαφόρως καλουμένους ἐπὶ τὰ προστάγματα· πρωῒ δὲ καὶ περὶ τρίτην καὶ ἕκτην καὶ ἐνάτην καὶ ἑνδεκάτην ὥραν, τοὺς ἐν διαφόροις ἡλικίαις προσελθόντας καὶ εὐδοκιμήσαντας. Ἀλλὰ τὸ ζητούμενον ἐκεῖνό ἐστιν, εἰ λαμπρῶς εὐδοκιμηκότες οἱ πρῶτοι, καὶ ἀρέσαντες τῷ Θεῷ, καὶ δι' ὅλης ἡμέρας λάμψαντες ἀπὸ τῶν πόνων, τῷ ἐσχάτῳ τῆς κακίας κατέχονται πάθει, βασκανίᾳ καὶ φθόνῳ. Ἰδόντες γὰρ αὐτοὺς τῶν αὐτῶν