John Chrysostom, On Matthew

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of these things, everywhere setting for us rules for necessary use, and through all things setting our life aright. For this reason, also, when He was about to be born, He did not seek a splendid house, nor a mother who was rich and famous, but a poor one, who had a carpenter as her betrothed, and He is born in a hut, and is laid in a manger; and choosing disciples, He chose not orators and wise men, nor the wealthy and well-born, but poor men and from poor families and in every way obscure; and setting a table, at one time He sets out barley loaves, at another, commanding His disciples to buy from the market at the very time? and making a couch, He makes it of grass; and when He clothes Himself in garments, He puts on humble ones, no different from those of the many; and a house He did not even have. And if He had to move from place to place, He does it by walking, and walking in such a way as even to grow weary. And when sitting, He does not require a throne, nor a cushion, but sits upon the ground, sometimes on the mountain, sometimes by the spring; and not only by the spring, but also alone, and He speaks with a Samaritan woman. Again, setting measures for grief, when He needed to mourn, He weeps quietly, everywhere establishing rules, as I said, and boundaries, how far one must go, and no further. For this reason, now also, since it happened that some who were weaker needed beasts of burden, here too He set a measure, showing that one must not be carried by yoked horses or mules, but should use a donkey, and not go further, and in everything to be of need. Let us also see the prophecy, that through words, that through deeds. What then is the prophecy? Behold, your king is coming to you, gentle, and mounted upon a beast of burden, and a young colt; not driving chariots, as the other kings; not demanding tributes, not swaggering and leading about spear-bearers; but showing great gentleness even from this. Ask the Jew, therefore: what king came to Jerusalem riding on a donkey? But he would have none to say, except this one alone. And He did these things, as I said, to make clear the things to come. For here the Church is signified by the colt, and the new people, who were once unclean, but after Jesus sat upon them became clean. And see how the image is preserved throughout. For the disciples untie the beasts of burden. For through the apostles both they and we were called; through the apostles we were brought near. But since our success provoked them to jealousy, for this reason the she-ass is seen following the colt. For after Christ has sat upon the Gentiles, then they too will come, being provoked to jealousy. And Paul, indicating this, said: That a partial hardening has happened to Israel, until the fullness of the Gentiles has come in; and so all Israel will be saved. For that it was a prophecy, is clear from what has been said. For the prophet would not have been concerned to state the age of the donkey with such precision, if this were not the case. But not only these things are signified by what was said. but also that the apostles will lead them with ease. For just as here in 58.629 no one spoke against taking possession, so too in the case of the Gentiles no one was able to hinder those who previously held them. But He does not sit on the bare colt, but on the garments of the apostles. For when they took the colt, they then gave up everything, just as Paul also said: And I will most gladly spend and be spent for your souls. But consider the docility of the colt, how being untamed and inexperienced with the bridle, it did not leap, but carried itself in an orderly manner. This itself was also a prophecy of the future, signifying the obedience of the Gentiles, and their sudden change to good order. For the word which said, "Untie them and bring them to me," accomplished everything, so that the disorderly became orderly, and the unclean became henceforth clean. 3. But see the baseness of the Jews. He worked so many miracles, and they were never so astonished at Him; but when they saw a crowd running together, then they marvel. For the whole city was shaken, saying, "Who is this?" And the crowds said, "This is Jesus the

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τούτων, πανταχοῦ κανόνας ἡμῖν τιθεὶς τῆς ἀναγκαίας χρείας, καὶ διὰ πάντων τὴν ζωὴν κατορθῶν τὴν ἡμετέραν. ∆ιά τοι τοῦτο καὶ ἡνίκα τίκτεσθαι ἔμελλεν οὐκ ἐπεζήτησε λαμπρὰν οἰκίαν, οὐδὲ μητέρα πλουσίαν καὶ περιφανῆ, ἀλλὰ πτωχὴν, καὶ μνηστῆρα τέκτονα ἔχουσαν, καὶ ἐν καλύβῃ γεννᾶται, καὶ ἐν φάτνῃ τίθεται· καὶ μαθητὰς ἐκλέγων, οὐ ῥήτορας καὶ σοφοὺς, οὐδὲ εὐπόρους καὶ εὐγενεῖς, ἀλλὰ πένητας καὶ ἐκ πενήτων καὶ πάντοθεν ἀσήμους ἐξέλεξε· καὶ τράπεζαν παρατιθέμενος, ποτὲ μὲν κριθίνους ἄρτους παρατίθεται, ποτὲ δὲ πρὸς αὐτὸν τὸν καιρὸν ἐξ ἀγορᾶς τοὺς μαθητὰς ὠνεῖσθαι κελεύων; καὶ στιβάδα ποιῶν, ἀπὸ χόρτου ποιεῖ· καὶ ἱμάτια ἀμφιεννύμενος, εὐτελῆ καὶ τῶν πολλῶν οὐδὲν διαφέροντα περιβάλλεται· οἰκίαν δὲ οὐδὲ ἔσχεν. Εἰ δὲ καὶ μεταβῆναι ἐκ τόπου εἰς τόπον ἔδει, ὁδοιπορῶν τοῦτο ποιεῖ, καὶ οὕτως ὁδοιπορῶν, ὡς καὶ κοπιᾷν. Καὶ καθήμενος οὐ θρόνου δεῖται, οὐδὲ προσκεφαλαίου, ἀλλ' ἐπὶ τοῦ ἐδάφους, ποτὲ μὲν ἐν τῷ ὄρει, ποτὲ δὲ παρὰ τὴν πηγήν· καὶ οὐ παρὰ τὴν πηγὴν μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ μόνος, καὶ Σαμαρείτιδι διαλέγεται. Πάλιν λύπης μέτρα τιθεὶς, ἡνίκα θρηνῆσαι ἔδει, δακρύει ἠρέμα, πανταχοῦ κανόνας, ὅπερ ἔφην, καὶ ὅρους πηγνὺς, μέχρι ποῦ προβαίνειν δεῖ, καὶ περαιτέρω μηκέτι. ∆ιὰ δὴ τοῦτο καὶ νῦν, ἐπειδὴ συνέβαινέ τινας ἀσθενεστέρους ὄντας ὑποζυγίων δεῖσθαι, κἀνταῦθα μέτρον ἔθηκε, δεικνὺς ὅτι οὐχ ἵππους, οὐδὲ ἡμιόνους ζεύξαντας φέρεσθαι δεῖ, ἀλλὰ ὄνῳ κεχρῆσθαι, καὶ περαιτέρω μὴ προβαίνειν, καὶ πανταχοῦ τῆς χρείας εἶναι. Ἴδωμεν δὲ καὶ τὴν προφητείαν, τὴν διὰ τῶν ῥημάτων, τὴν διὰ τῶν πραγμάτων. Τίς οὖν ἡ προφητεία; Ἰδοὺ ὁ βασιλεύς σου ἔρχεταί σοι πρᾶος, καὶ ἐπιβεβηκὼς ἐπὶ ὑποζύγιον καὶ πῶλον νέον· οὐχὶ ἅρματα ἐλαύνων, ὡς οἱ λοιποὶ βασιλεῖς· οὐ φόρους ἀπαιτῶν, οὐ σοβῶν καὶ δορυφόρους περιάγων· ἀλλὰ πολλὴν τὴν ἐπιείκειαν κἀντεῦθεν ἐπιδεικνύμενος. Ἐρώτησον τοίνυν τὸν Ἰουδαῖον· ποῖος βασιλεὺς ἐπὶ ὄνου ὀχούμενος ἦλθεν εἰς Ἱερουσαλήμ; Ἀλλ' οὐκ ἂν ἔχοι εἰπεῖν, ἀλλ' ἢ τοῦτον μόνον. Ἐποίει δὲ ταῦτα, ὅπερ ἔφην, τὰ μέλλοντα προδηλῶν. Ἐνταῦθα γὰρ ἡ Ἐκκλησία δηλοῦται διὰ τοῦ πώλου, καὶ ὁ λαὸς ὁ νέος, ὁ ποτὲ μὲν ἀκάθαρτος, μετὰ δὲ τὸ καθίσαι τὸν Ἰησοῦν καθαρὸς γενόμενος. Καὶ ὅρα διόλου τὴν εἰκόνα σωζομένην. Οἱ γὰρ μαθηταὶ λύουσι τὰ ὑποζύγια. ∆ιὰ γὰρ τῶν ἀποστόλων κἀκεῖνοι καὶ ἡμεῖς ἐκλήθημεν· διὰ τῶν ἀποστόλων προσήχθημεν. Ἐπειδὴ δὲ καὶ ἡ ἡμετέρα εὐδοκίμησις ἐκείνους παρεζήλωσε, διὰ τοῦτο φαίνεται ἡ ὄνος ἀκολουθοῦσα τῷ πώλῳ Μετὰ γὰρ τὸ καθίσαι τὸν Χριστὸν ἐπὶ τὰ ἔθνη, τότε ἥξουσι κἀκεῖνοι παραζηλοῦντες. Καὶ τοῦτο δηλῶν ὁ Παῦλος ἔλεγεν· Ὅτι πώρωσις ἀπὸ μέρους τῷ Ἰσραὴλ γέγονεν, ἄχρις οὗ τὸ πλήρωμα τῶν ἐθνῶν εἰσέλθῃ· καὶ οὕτω πᾶς Ἰσραὴλ σωθήσεται. Ὅτι γὰρ προφητεία ἦν, δῆλον ἐκ τῶν εἰρημένων. Οὐ γὰρ ἂν ἐμέλησε τῷ προφήτῃ μετὰ τοσαύτης ἀκριβείας τοῦ ὄνου τὴν ἡλικίαν εἰπεῖν, εἰ μὴ τοῦτο ἦν. Οὐ ταῦτα δὲ μόνον δηλοῦνται διὰ τῶν εἰρημένων. ἀλλ' ὅτι καὶ μετ' εὐκολίας αὐτοὺς ἄξουσιν οἱ ἀπόστολοι. Ὥσπερ γὰρ ἐν 58.629 ταῦθα οὐδεὶς ἀντεῖπεν εἰς τὸ κατασχεῖν, οὕτως οὐδὲ ἐπὶ τῶν ἐθνῶν οὐδεὶς ἠδυνήθη διακωλῦσαι τῶν κατεχόντων αὐτοὺς ἔμπροσθεν. Οὐ κάθηται δὲ ἐπὶ γυμνὸν τὸν πῶλον, ἀλλ' ἐπὶ τὰ ἱμάτια τῶν ἀποστόλων. Ἐπειδὴ γὰρ τὸν πῶλον ἔλαβον, ἅπαντα λοιπὸν προΐενται, καθὼς καὶ Παῦλος ἔλεγεν· Ἐγὼ δὲ ἥδιστα δαπανήσω καὶ ἐκδαπανηθήσομαι ὑπὲρ τῶν ψυχῶν ὑμῶν. Σκόπει δὲ τὸ εὐήνιον τοῦ πώλου, πῶς ἀδάμαστος ὢν καὶ χαλινοῦ ἄπειρος, οὐκ ἐσκίρτησεν, ἀλλ' εὐτάκτως ἐφέρετο. Ὃ καὶ αὐτὸ προφητεία τοῦ μέλλοντος ἦν, δηλοῦσα τὸ καταπειθὲς τῶν ἐθνῶν, καὶ τὴν ἀθρόαν εἰς εὐταξίαν μεταβολήν. Καὶ γὰρ πάντα τὸ ῥῆμα εἰργάσατο τὸ λέγον· Λύσαντες ἀγάγετέ μοι· ὥστε τὰ ἄτακτα εὔτακτα, καὶ τὰ ἀκάθαρτα γενέσθαι λοιπὸν καθαρά. γʹ. Ἀλλ' ὅρα τὸ ταπεινὸν τῶν Ἰουδαίων. Τοσαῦτα θαύματα εἰργάσατο, καὶ οὐδέποτε αὐτὸν οὕτως ἐξεπλάγησαν· ἐπειδὴ δὲ εἶδον ὄχλον συντρέχοντα, τότε θαυμάζουσιν. Ἐσείσθη γὰρ πᾶσα ἡ πόλις λέγουσα· Τίς ἐστιν οὗτος; Οἱ δὲ ὄχλοι ἔλεγον· Οὗτός ἐστιν Ἰησοῦς ὁ