417

has happened among Gentiles and among Jews. For those, not having promised to listen, nor having become hearers of the law, showed their obedience through their works; and these, having said, “All that God shall say, we will do and we will hear,” disobeyed through their works. For this reason, so that they might not think the law benefits them, He shows that this very thing condemns them; which Paul also says, that "Not the hearers of the law are just before God, but the doers of the law shall be justified." For this reason, so that He might make them self-condemned, He prepares the verdict to be brought forth from them; which He also does in the following parable of the vineyard. 3. And so that this might happen, He frames the accusation in another person. For since they were not willing to confess directly, He next leads them through a parable to what He wanted. But when, not understanding what was being said, they delivered their verdict, then He finally reveals what had been veiled, and says, “That the tax collectors and the prostitutes go before you into the kingdom of heaven.” “For John came to you in the way of righteousness, and you did not believe him; but the tax collectors believed him; and you, when you saw it, did not afterward repent, that you might believe him.” For if He had said simply, “The prostitutes go before you,” the saying would have seemed burdensome to them; but now, declaring it after their own verdict, He seems to be inoffensive. For this reason He also adds the cause. And what was this? “John came,” He says, “to you, not to them;” and not only this, but also “in the way of righteousness.” For not even this can you allege, 58.636 that he was some neglected person, and of no benefit; but his life was also blameless, and his providence great, and you did not pay attention to him. And after this, also another charge, that tax collectors paid attention; and after this, again another, that you did not, even after them. For you ought to have done so even before them; but to not do so even after them was deprived of all pardon; and unspeakable is their praise, and the accusation against these. To you He came, and you did not approach; He did not come to them, and they received him; and you did not even have them for teachers. See through how many things their praise is shown, and the accusation against these. To you He came, not to them. You did not believe; this did not cause them to stumble. They believed; this did not benefit you. But the phrase, “go before,” is not as though these are following, but as having hope, if they are willing. For nothing so rouses the more dull as jealousy. For this reason He always says, “The first shall be last, and the last first.” For this reason He also brought forward prostitutes and tax collectors, that they might be provoked to jealousy. For these two are extreme sins, born of grievous desire, the one from desire of bodies, the other from desire of money. And He shows that this above all is to hear the law of God: to believe John. Therefore, it is not of grace alone that prostitutes enter, but also of righteousness. For they did not enter remaining prostitutes, but having obeyed and believed and been cleansed and changed, thus they entered. Did you see how He made His speech inoffensive and sharper, from the parable, from the introduction of the prostitutes? For He did not say immediately, “Why did you not believe John?” but, what was much more striking, having put forward the tax collectors and the prostitutes, then He added this, from the sequence of events refuting their inexcusableness, and showing that they do everything for fear of men and for empty glory. For they did not confess Christ for fear, lest they should be put out of the synagogue; and again they did not dare to speak evil of John; not this either out of reverence, but out of fear. All of which He refuted through what was said, and afterwards He inflicted a more severe blow, saying, “But you, knowing, did not afterward repent, that you might believe him.” For it is a bad thing not to choose the good in the beginning; but a greater accusation is not even to change one’s mind. For this especially makes many wicked, which I see some even now suffering from extreme insensibility. But let no one be such; but even if one has been brought down to the extreme of wickedness, let him not

417

ἐθνῶν καὶ ἐπὶ Ἰουδαίων γέγονε. Καὶ γὰρ ἐκεῖνοι οὐχ ὑποσχόμενοι ἀκούσεσθαι, οὐδὲ γενόμενοι ἀκροαταὶ τοῦ νόμου, διὰ τῶν ἔργων ἐπεδείξαντο τὴν ὑπακοήν· καὶ οὗτοι εἰπόντες, Πάντα ὅσα ἂν εἴπῃ ὁ Θεὸς, ποιήσομεν καὶ ἀκουσόμεθα, διὰ τῶν ἔργων παρήκουσαν. ∆ιά τοι τοῦτο ἵνα μὴ νομίσωσι τὸν νόμον αὐτοὺς ὠφελεῖν, δείκνυσιν ὅτι αὐτὸ μὲν οὖν τοῦτο αὐτοὺς καταδικάζει· ὅπερ οὖν καὶ ὁ Παῦλός φησιν, ὅτι Οὐχ οἱ ἀκροαταὶ τοῦ νόμου δίκαιοι παρὰ τῷ Θεῷ, ἀλλ' οἱ ποιηταὶ τοῦ νόμου δικαιωθήσονται. ∆ιὰ τοῦτο ἵνα καὶ αὐτοκατακρίτους ποιήσῃ παρ' αὐτῶν ἐξενεχθῆναι παρασκευάζει τὴν ψῆφον· ὅπερ καὶ ἐν τῇ ἐπιούσῃ παραβολῇ ποιεῖ τοῦ ἀμπελῶνος. γʹ. Καὶ ἵνα τοῦτο γένηται, ἐπ' ἄλλου προσώπου γυμνάζει τὸ ἔγκλημα. Ἐπειδὴ γὰρ ἐξ εὐθείας οὐκ ἠθέλησαν ὁμολογῆσαι, διὰ παραβολῆς αὐτοὺς ἐμβάλλει λοιπὸν εἰς ὅπερ ἐβούλετο. Ὅτε δὲ οὐ συνιέντες τὰ λεγόμενα τὴν ψῆφον ἐξήνεγκαν, τότε ἀποκαλύπτει τὸ συνεσκιασμένον λοιπὸν, καὶ λέγει· Ὅτι τελῶναι καὶ πόρναι προάγουσιν ὑμᾶς εἰς τὴν βασιλείαν τῶν οὐρανῶν. Ἦλθε γὰρ ὁ Ἰωάννης πρὸς ὑμᾶς ἐν ὁδῷ δικαιοσύνης, καὶ οὐκ ἐπιστεύσατε αὐτῷ· οἱ δὲ τελῶναι ἐπίστευσαν αὐτῷ· ὑμεῖς δὲ ἰδόντες οὐ μετεμελήθητε ὕστερον, τοῦ πιστεῦσαι αὐτῷ. Εἰ μὲν γὰρ εἶπεν ἁπλῶς, Πόρναι προάγουσιν ὑμᾶς, ἔδοξεν ἂν φορτικὸς εἶναι αὐτοῖς ὁ λόγος· νυνὶ δὲ, μετὰ τὴν αὐτῶν ψῆφον ἀποφαινόμενος, ἀνεπαχθὴς εἶναι δοκεῖ. ∆ιὰ τοῦτο καὶ τὴν αἰτίαν προστίθησι. Τίς δὲ ἦν αὕτη; Ἦλθεν Ἰωάννης, φησὶ, πρὸς ὑμᾶς, οὐ πρὸς ἐκείνους· καὶ οὐ τοῦτο μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ Ἐν ὁδῷ δικαιοσύνης. Οὐδὲ γὰρ τοῦτο ἔχετε ἐγκαλεῖν, 58.636 ὅτι ἠμελημένος τις ἦν, καὶ οὐδὲν ὠφελῶν· ἀλλὰ καὶ ὁ βίος ἀνεπίληπτος, καὶ ἡ πρόνοια πολλὴ, καὶ οὐ προσέσχετε αὐτῷ. Καὶ μετὰ τούτου καὶ ἕτερον ἔγκλημα, ὅτι τελῶναι προσέσχον· καὶ μετὰ τούτου πάλιν ἄλλο, ὅτι οὐδὲ μετ' ἐκείνους ὑμεῖς. Ἔδει μὲν γὰρ καὶ πρὸ αὐτῶν· τὸ δὲ μηδὲ μετ' αὐτοὺς, πάσης συγγνώμης ἐστερημένον ἦν· καὶ ἄφατος κἀκείνων ἔπαινος, καὶ τούτων κατηγορία. Πρὸς ὑμᾶς ἦλθε, καὶ οὐ προσήκασθε· οὐκ ἦλθε πρὸς ἐκείνους, καὶ ἐδέξαντο· καὶ οὐδὲ ἐκείνους ἔσχετε διδασκάλους. Ὅρα διὰ πόσων ἐκείνων δείκνυται τὸ ἐγκώμιον, καὶ τούτων ἡ κατηγορία. Πρὸς ὑμᾶς ἦλθεν, οὐ πρὸς ἐκείνους. Ὑμεῖς οὐκ ἐπιστεύσατε· τοῦτο ἐκείνους οὐκ ἐσκανδάλισεν. Αὐτοὶ ἐπίστευσαν· τοῦτο ὑμᾶς οὐκ ὠφέλησε. Τὸ δὲ, Προάγουσιν, οὐχ ὡς τούτων ἑπομένων, ἀλλ' ὡς ἐλπίδα ἐχόντων, ἐὰν ἐθέλωσιν. Οὐδὲν γὰρ οὕτως ὡς ζηλοτυπία διεγείρει τοὺς παχυτέρους. ∆ιὰ τοῦτο ἀεὶ λέγει· Οἱ πρῶτοι ἔσχατοι, καὶ οἱ ἔσχατοι πρῶτοι. ∆ιὰ τοῦτο καὶ πόρνας παρήγαγε καὶ τελώνας, ἵνα παραζηλώσωσι. Καὶ γὰρ τὰ δύο ταῦτα ἄκρα ἁμαρτήματα, ἐξ ἔρωτος χαλεποῦ τικτόμενα, τὸ μὲν ἀπὸ σωμάτων, τὸ δὲ ἀπὸ χρημάτων ἐπιθυμίας. ∆είκνυσι δὲ, ὅτι τοῦτο μάλιστά ἐστιν ἀκοῦσαι νόμου Θεοῦ, τὸ Ἰωάννῃ πιστεῦσαι. Οὐκ ἄρα χάριτος μόνης τὸ εἰσελθεῖν πόρνας, ἀλλὰ καὶ δικαιοσύνης. Οὐ γὰρ πόρναι μένουσαι εἰσῆλθον, ἀλλ' ὑπακούσασαι καὶ πιστεύσασαι καὶ καθαρισθεῖσαι καὶ μεταβαλόμεναι, οὕτως εἰσῆλθον. Εἶδες πῶς ἀνεπαχθῆ τὸν λόγον ἐποίησε καὶ τομώτερον, ἀπὸ τῆς παραβολῆς, ἀπὸ τῆς τῶν πορνῶν ἐπαγωγῆς; Οὐδὲ γὰρ εἶπεν εὐθέως, ∆ιατί οὐκ ἐπιστεύσατε Ἰωάννῃ; ἀλλ', ὃ πολλῷ πληκτικώτερον ἦν, τοὺς τελώνας καὶ τὰς πόρνας προθεὶς, τότε τοῦτο ἐπήγαγεν, ἀπὸ τῆς τῶν πραγμάτων ἀκολουθίας διελέγχων αὐτῶν τὸ ἀσύγγνωστον, καὶ δεικνὺς, ὅτι διὰ φόβον ἀνθρώπων πάντα ποιοῦσι καὶ δόξαν κενήν. Καὶ γὰρ τὸν Χριστὸν οὐχ ὡμολόγουν διὰ φόβον, ἵνα μὴ ἀποσυνάγωγοι γένωνται· καὶ τὸν Ἰωάννην πάλιν οὐκ ἐτόλμων κακίζειν· οὐδὲ τοῦτο δι' εὐλάβειαν, ἀλλὰ διὰ φόβον. Ἅπερ ἅπαντα ἤλεγξε διὰ τῶν εἰρημένων, καὶ χαλεπωτέραν ὕστερον ἐπήγαγε τὴν πληγὴν, εἰπών· Ὑμεῖς δὲ εἰδότες οὐ μετεμελήθητε ὕστερον, τοῦ πιστεῦσαι αὐτῷ. Κακὸν μὲν γὰρ καὶ τὸ παρὰ τὴν ἀρχὴν μὴ ἑλέσθαι τὸ καλόν· μείζων δὲ κατηγορία, τὸ μηδὲ μεταθέσθαι. Μάλιστα γὰρ τοῦτο ἐργάζεται πολλοὺς πονηροὺς, ὃ καὶ νῦν πάσχοντας ἐνίους ὁρῶ ὑπὸ ἀναισθησίας ἐσχάτης. Ἀλλὰ μηδεὶς ἔστω τοιοῦτος· ἀλλὰ κἂν εἰς ἔσχατον κατενεχθῇ κακίας, μὴ