John Chrysostom, On Matthew

445

we shall see this, the height of humility. For people who are distinguished, some by external dignities, and others by wealth, restrain themselves in every way, by their clothing, by their house, by their servants; and, as it were in letters, they write humility through all things. And those things which are the kindling of arrogance—being well-dressed, and building splendidly, and having many servants—which often cast men into arrogance even against their will, all these things have been done away with there. They themselves light the fire, they themselves split the wood, they themselves cook, they themselves serve those who come. It is not possible there to hear anyone being insolent, nor to see anyone being insulted, nor being commanded, nor commanding; but all are among those who are served, and each one washes the feet of strangers, and there is a great contest over this. And he does this, not examining who the person is, neither if he is a slave, nor if he is free; but he fulfills this service for everyone. There no one is great, nor small. What then? Confusion? May it not be so; but rather the highest good order. For even if someone is small, the great one does not see this, but has considered himself to be again inferior to that one, and in this way he becomes greater. One table for all, both for those being served and for those serving, the same foods, the same garments, the same dwellings, the same way of life. Great there is the one who seizes the menial task. There is no "Mine" and "Thine"; but this saying, the cause of countless wars, has been banished. 4. And why do you marvel, if there is one way of life and table and garment for all, where indeed there is also one soul for all, not only according to substance (for this is true of all), but according to love? How then could it ever be lifted up against itself? There is no poverty and wealth, glory and dishonor; how then could folly and arrogance find an entrance? For there are both small and great according to the measure of virtue; but as I said, no one sees this. The small one does not grieve at being despised; for there is no one to despise him; and if someone were to spit on him, they are taught this above all, to be despised, to be spit upon, to be made of no account, through words, through deeds; and they associate with the poor and the maimed, and their tables are full of these guests; for this very reason they are also worthy of the heavens. And one tends the wounds of those who are maimed, another leads the blind by the hand, another carries the one who is lame in the leg. There is no multitude of flatterers there, nor of parasites; rather 58.672 they do not even know what flattery is; whence then could they ever be puffed up? For there is great equality among them; for which reason there is also great facility for virtue. For in this way the inferior are better taught, than if they were compelled to yield the first places to them. For just as the one who is struck and yields teaches the insolent one, so the one who does not lay claim to glory, but despises it, teaches the ambitious one. And they do this there with abundance; and as great as the fight is among us to obtain the first places, so great is the contest among them not to obtain them, but to refuse them, and a great earnestness, as to who will have the advantage of honors, but not in being honored. Besides, their very works persuade them to be moderate, and do not allow them to be puffed up. For who, tell me, digging and watering and planting the earth, or weaving baskets, and making sackcloth, or handling some other things, will ever think great things of himself? And who, living with poverty, and struggling with hunger, will suffer from this disease? There is no one. For this reason humility is easy for them. And just as here it is difficult to be moderate on account of the multitude of those who applaud and admire, so there it is exceedingly easy. For there one attends only to the wilderness, and sees birds flying, and trees being shaken, and the west wind blowing, and streams flowing through ravines. Whence then could one be puffed up who lives with so great a solitude? However, we shall not have an excuse from this, because we, living in the midst of men, are proud. For Abraham, being among the Canaanites, said: "But I am earth and ashes"; and David in the midst of camps, "But I am a worm, and not a man"; and the Apostle in the midst of the world: "I am not worthy"

445

ὕψος τῆς ταπεινοφροσύνης ὀψόμεθα τοῦτο. Ἄνθρωποι γὰρ οἱ μὲν ἀπὸ τῶν ἔξωθεν ἀξιωμάτων, οἱ δὲ καὶ ἀπὸ χρημάτων ὄντες λαμπροὶ, πάντοθεν ἑαυτοὺς καταστέλλουσιν, ἀπὸ τῆς ἐσθῆτος, ἀπὸ τῆς οἰκίας, ἀπὸ τῶν διακονουμένων· καὶ καθάπερ ἐν γράμμασι διὰ πάντων τὴν ταπεινοφροσύνην γράφουσι. Καὶ ἅπερ ἐστὶν ὑπεκκαύματα ἀλαζονείας, τὸ καλῶς ἀμφιέννυσθαι, καὶ τὸ λαμπρῶς οἰκοδομεῖν, καὶ τὸ πολλοὺς ἔχειν διακόνους, ἃ καὶ ἄκοντας πολλάκις εἰς ἀλαζονείαν ἐμβάλλει, ταῦτα ἐκεῖ ἅπαντα ἀνῄρηται. Καὶ αὐτοὶ καίουσι πῦρ, αὐτοὶ διακλῶσι ξύλα, αὐτοὶ ἕψουσιν, αὐτοὶ τοῖς ἐρχομένοις διακονοῦνται. Οὐκ ἔστιν ὑβρίζοντος ἀκοῦσαί τινος ἐκεῖ, οὐδὲ ὑβριζόμενον ἰδεῖν, οὐδὲ ἐπιταττόμενον, οὐδὲ ἐπιτάττοντα· ἀλλὰ πάντες τῶν διακονουμένων εἰσι, καὶ ἕκαστος τοὺς πόδας νίπτει τῶν ξένων, καὶ πολλὴ περὶ τούτου μάχη. Καὶ ποιεῖ τοῦτο, οὐκ ἐξετάζων ὅστις ἐστὶν, οὔτε εἰ δοῦλος, οὔτε εἰ ἐλεύθερος· ἀλλ' ἐπὶ παντὸς τὴν διακονίαν ταύτην πληροῖ. Οὐδεὶς ἐκεῖ οὐ μέγας, οὐδὲ μικρός. Τί οὖν; σύγχυσις; Μὴ γένοιτο· ἀλλ' ἡ πρώτη εὐταξία. Κἂν γὰρ ᾖ τις μικρὸς, ὁ μέγας οὐχ ὁρᾷ τοῦτο, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἐκείνου πάλιν καταδεέστερον ἑαυτὸν εἶναι νενόμικε, καὶ ταύτῃ γίνεται μείζων. Μία τράπεζα πᾶσι, καὶ τοῖς διακονουμένοις, καὶ τοῖς διακονοῦσι, τὰ αὐτὰ ἐδέσματα, τὰ αὐτὰ ἐνδύματα, τὰ αὐτὰ οἰκήματα, ἡ αὐτὴ δίαιτα. Μέγας ἐκεῖ ὁ τὸ εὐτελὲς ἔργον ἁρπάζων. Οὐκ ἔστι τὸ Ἐμὸν καὶ τὸ Σόν· ἀλλ' ἐξώρισται τοῦτο τὸ ῥῆμα, τὸ μυρίων αἴτιον πολέμων. δʹ. Καὶ τί θαυμάζεις, εἰ δίαιτα καὶ τράπεζα καὶ στολὴ μία πᾶσιν, ὅπου γε καὶ ψυχὴ μία πᾶσιν, οὐ κατὰ τὴν οὐσίαν μόνον (τοῦτο γὰρ καὶ ἐπὶ πάντων), ἀλλὰ κατὰ τὴν ἀγάπην; πῶς οὖν ἂν αὐτὴ καθ' ἑαυτῆς ἐπαρθείη ποτέ; Οὐκ ἔστιν ἐκεῖ πενία καὶ πλοῦτος, δόξα καὶ ἀτιμία· πῶς οὖν ἂν εὕροι παρείσδυσιν ἀπόνοια καὶ ἀλαζονεία; Εἰσὶ μὲν γὰρ καὶ μικροὶ καὶ μεγάλοι κατὰ τὸν τῆς ἀρετῆς λόγον· ἀλλ' ὅπερ ἔφην, οὐδεὶς τοῦτο ὁρᾷ. Ὁ μικρὸς οὐκ ἀλγεῖ ὡς καταφρονούμενος· οὔτε γὰρ ὁ καταφρονῶν τίς ἐστι· κἂν διαπτύσῃ δέ τις, τοῦτο μάλιστα παιδεύονται, καταφρονεῖσθαι, διαπτύεσθαι, ἐξευτελίζεσθαι, διὰ ῥημάτων, διὰ πραγμάτων· καὶ πτωχοῖς καὶ ἀναπήροις συναναστρέφονται, καὶ αἱ τράπεζαι αὐτοῖς τούτων γέμουσι τῶν δαιτυμόνων· διὰ δὴ τοῦτο καὶ τῶν οὐρανῶν εἰσιν ἄξιοι. Καὶ ὁ μὲν θεραπεύει τραύματα τῶν λώβην ἐχόντων, ὁ δὲ χειραγωγεῖ τὸν τυφλὸν, ὁ δὲ βαστάζει τὸν τὸ σκέλος πεπηρωμένον. Οὐκ ἔνι κολάκων ἐκεῖ πλῆθος, οὐδὲ παρασίτων· μᾶλλον 58.672 δὲ οὐδὲ ὅ τί ποτέ ἐστι κολακεία ἴσασι· πόθεν οὖν ἂν ἐπαρθεῖέν ποτε; Καὶ γὰρ πολλὴ παρ' αὐτοῖς ἰσότης· διὸ καὶ εὐκολία πολλὴ τῆς ἀρετῆς. Καὶ γὰρ τούτοις μᾶλλον οἱ καταδεέστεροι παιδεύονται, ἢ εἰ ἀναγκάζοιντο αὐτοῖς παραχωρεῖν τῶν πρωτείων. Ὥσπερ γὰρ τὸν θρασὺν ὁ πληττόμενος καὶ παραχωρῶν παιδεύει· οὕτω τὸν φιλότιμον ὁ μὴ ἀντιποιούμενος δόξης, ἀλλὰ καταφρονῶν. Τοῦτο δὲ μετὰ δαψιλείας ἐκεῖ ποιοῦσι· καὶ ὅση μάχη παρ' ἡμῖν ὑπὲρ τοῦ τυχεῖν τῶν πρωτείων, τοσοῦτος ἀγὼν παρ' ἐκείνοις ὑπὲρ τοῦ μὴ τυχεῖν, ἀλλὰ διακρούσασθαι, καὶ πολλὴ σπουδὴ, τίς πλεονεκτήσει τιμῶν, ἀλλ' οὐ τιμώμενος. Ἄλλως δὲ καὶ αὐτὰ τὰ ἔργα μετριάζειν πείθει, καὶ οὐκ ἀφίησι φλεγμαίνειν. Τίς γὰρ, εἰπέ μοι, γῆν σκάπτων καὶ ἄρδων καὶ φυτεύων, ἢ πλέκων σπυρίδας, καὶ σάκκον ὑφαίνων, ἢ ἄλλα τινὰ μεταχειρίζων, μέγα φρονήσει ποτέ; τίς δὲ πενίᾳ συζῶν, καὶ λιμῷ παλαίων, τοῦτο νοσήσει τὸ νόσημα; Οὐκ ἔστιν οὐδείς. ∆ιὰ τοῦτο εὔκολος αὐτοῖς ἡ ταπεινοφροσύνη. Καὶ ὥσπερ ἐνταῦθα χαλεπὸν τὸ μετριάζειν διὰ τὸ πλῆθος τῶν κροτούντων καὶ θαυμαζόντων· οὕτως ἐκεῖ σφόδρα εὔκολον. Καὶ γὰρ τῇ ἐρημίᾳ προσέχει μόνον ἐκεῖνος, καὶ ὄρνιθας ἱπταμένας ὁρᾷ, καὶ δένδρα σειόμενα, καὶ ζέφυρον πνέοντα, καὶ ῥύακας διὰ φαράγγων φερομένους. Πόθεν οὖν ἂν ἐπαρθείη ὁ ἐρημίᾳ τοσαύτῃ συζῶν; Οὐ μὴν διὰ τοῦτο ἀπολογίαν ἐντεῦθεν ἡμεῖς ἕξομεν, ἐπειδὴ ἐν μέσοις στρεφόμενοι μέγα φρονοῦμεν. Καὶ γὰρ ὁ Ἀβραὰμ μεταξὺ Χαναναίων ὢν ἔλεγεν· Ἐγὼ δέ εἰμι γῆ καὶ σποδός· καὶ ὁ ∆αυῒδ ἐν μέσοις στρατοπέδοις, Ἐγὼ δέ εἰμι σκώληξ, καὶ οὐκ ἄνθρωπος· καὶ ὁ Ἀπόστολος ἐν μέσῃ τῇ οἰκουμένῃ· Οὐκ εἰμὶ ἱκανὸς