John Chrysostom, On Matthew

450

with me. Hearken to the women who went about with the apostles, having taken up a manly spirit, to Priscilla, to Persis, to the others; from whom the women of today are as far removed as the men are from those men. 4. For then even when traveling they did not get a bad reputation; but now even when raised in their chambers they barely escape this suspicion. And these things come from their adornments and luxury. Then their work was to increase the preaching; but now it is to appear comely and beautiful and fair of face. This is their glory, this is their salvation; but they do not even in a dream consider high and great achievements. What woman has made an effort to make her husband better? what man has taken this care, to correct his wife? There is no one; but for the woman all zeal is for the care of gold jewelry, and clothes, and the other adornments of the body, and to increase her substance; and for the man, this and many other concerns, but all are worldly. Who, 58.678 when about to marry, has examined the character and upbringing of a maiden? No one; but immediately money and possessions, and measures of various and different property, as if about to purchase something, or to complete some common transaction. For this reason they even call marriage thus. For I have heard many say, So-and-so has made a contract with so-and-so, that is, he has married. And they insult the gifts of God, and just as if buying and selling, so they marry and are given in marriage. And contracts require more security than those for selling and buying. Learn how the ancients married, and emulate them. How then did they marry? They sought character and morals, and virtue of soul. For this reason they had no need of documents, nor of the security from paper and ink; for the character of the bride was sufficient for them in place of all things. I beseech you, therefore, not to seek after money and property, but character and reasonableness. Seek a devout and philosophical maiden; and these things will be better for you than ten thousand treasures. If you seek the things of God, these other things will also come; but if you pass over those things and run to these, not even these will follow. But so-and-so, he says, became wealthy from his wife. Are you not ashamed to bring forward such examples? I would become poor ten thousand times, I have heard many say, rather than receive wealth from a wife. For what is more unpleasant than that wealth? What is more bitter than this prosperity? What is more shameful than to be distinguished from this cause, and to be said by all, So-and-so became wealthy from his wife? For I omit the unpleasantness within, how many things must necessarily happen from this: the wife's arrogance, the servility, the fights, the reproaches of the household servants; The poor man, the ragged one, the dishonored and from the dishonored; for what did he come with? for are not all things the mistress's? But you care nothing for these words; for you are not a free man. Since even parasites hear things inferior to these, and are not pained; therefore neither are these men, but they even pride themselves on their shame; and when we say these things to them, he says, Let it be something pleasant and sweet, and let it choke me. O the devil! what sort of proverbs he has introduced into life, able to subvert the whole life of such people! See then this very diabolical and destructive saying, of how much perdition it is full. For it says nothing else but these words: Let there be no account for you of what is honorable, no account of what is just; let all those things be cast aside; seek one thing only, pleasure. Even if the thing chokes you, let it be chosen; even if all who meet you spit upon you, even if they rub mud in your face, even if they drive you away like a dog, bear it all. And what else would swine say if they had a voice? What would unclean dogs? But perhaps even they would not have uttered such things as the devil has persuaded men to rave. Wherefore I beseech you, being conscious of the insensibility of such sayings, to flee such proverbs, and to choose those from Scripture which are contrary to them. And what are these? Go not, it says, after the lust of your soul, and from your appetites re 58.679 strain yourself. And again concerning a harlot it says, contrary to this proverb; Do not

450

παρ' ἐμοί. Ἀκούσατε τῶν γυναικῶν, αἳ περιῆγον μετὰ τῶν ἀποστόλων, ἀνδρεῖον ἀναλαβοῦσαι φρόνημα, τῆς Πρισκίλλης, τῆς Περσίδος, τῶν ἄλλων· ὧν αἱ παροῦσαι γυναῖκες τοσοῦτον ἀπέχουσιν, ὅσον οἱ ἄνδρες τῶν ἀνδρῶν. δʹ. Τότε μὲν γὰρ καὶ ἀποδημοῦσαι οὐκ ἐλάμβανον δόξαν πονηράν· νῦν δὲ καὶ ἐν θαλάμῳ τρεφόμεναι μόλις ταύτην διαφεύγουσι τὴν ὑποψίαν. Ταῦτα δὲ ἀπὸ τῶν καλλωπισμῶν γίνεται καὶ τῆς τρυφῆς. Τότε ἐκείναις ἔργον ἦν, αὐξῆσαι τὸ κήρυγμα· νῦν δὲ εὐειδεῖς καὶ καλὰς φανῆναι, καὶ εὐπροσώπους. Τοῦτο ἡ δόξα αὐταῖς, τοῦτο ἡ σωτηρία· τὰ δὲ ὑψηλὰ καὶ μεγάλα κατορθώματα οὐδὲ ὄναρ φροντίζουσι. Τίς γυνὴ σπουδὴν ἐποιήσατο ἄνδρα βελτίω ποιῆσαι; τίς ἀνὴρ ταύτην ἔθετο τὴν φροντίδα, ὥστε γυναῖκα διορθώσασθαι; Οὐκ ἔστιν οὐδείς· ἀλλὰ τῇ μὲν γυναικὶ πᾶσα σπουδὴ περὶ χρυσίων ἐπιμέλειαν, καὶ ἱματίων, καὶ τῶν λοιπῶν τοῦ σώματος καλλωπισμῶν, καὶ ὥστε τὴν οὐσίαν αὐξῆσαι· τῷ δὲ ἀνδρὶ καὶ αὕτη καὶ ἕτεραι πλείους, πᾶσαι μέντοι βιωτικαί. Τίς 58.678 μέλλων γαμεῖν, τρόπον ἐξήτασε καὶ ἀνατροφὴν κόρης; Οὐδείς· ἀλλὰ χρήματα εὐθέως καὶ κτήματα, καὶ μέτρα οὐσίας ποικίλης καὶ διαφόρου, καθάπερ τι πρίασθαι μέλλων, ἢ συνάλλαγμά τι κοινὸν ἐπιτελεῖν. ∆ιὰ τοῦτο καὶ οὕτω καλοῦσι τὸν γάμον. Πολλῶν γὰρ ἤκουσα λεγόντων· Συνήλλαξεν ὁ δεῖνα τῇ δεῖνι, τουτέστιν, Ἔγημε. Καὶ εἰς τὰς τοῦ Θεοῦ δωρεὰς ἐνυβρίζουσι, καὶ ὥσπερ ὠνούμενοι καὶ πωλοῦντες, οὕτω γαμοῦσι καὶ γαμοῦνται. Καὶ γραμματεῖα πλείονος ἀσφαλείας δεόμενα, ἢ τὰ περὶ πράσεως καὶ ἀγορασίας. Μάθετε πῶς οἱ παλαιοὶ ἐγάμουν, καὶ ζηλώσατε. Πῶς οὖν ἐγάμουν ἐκεῖνοι; Τρόπους ἐζήτουν καὶ ἤθη, καὶ ψυχῆς ἀρετήν. ∆ιὰ τοῦτο γραμμάτων αὐτοῖς οὐκ ἔδει, οὐδὲ τῆς ἀπὸ χάρτου καὶ μέλανος ἀσφαλείας· ἤρκει γὰρ ἀντὶ πάντων αὐτοῖς ὁ τῆς νύμφης τρόπος. Παρακαλῶ τοίνυν καὶ ὑμᾶς, μὴ χρήματα ἐπιζητεῖν καὶ περιουσίαν, ἀλλὰ τρόπον καὶ ἐπιείκειαν. Ζήτησον εὐλαβῆ καὶ φιλόσοφον κόρην· καὶ μυρίων ταῦτά σοι βελτίω θησαυρῶν ἔσται. Ἂν τὰ τοῦ Θεοῦ ζητῇς, καὶ ταῦτα ἥξει· ἂν δὲ ἐκεῖνα παραδραμὼν ἐπὶ ταῦτα τρέχῃς, οὐδὲ ταῦτα ἕψεται. Ἀλλ' ὁ δεῖνα, φησὶν, ἀπὸ γυναικὸς εὔπορος γέγονεν. Οὐκ αἰσχύνῃ τοιαῦτα παραδείγματα φέρων; Μυριάκις γενοίμην πένης, πολλῶν ἤκουσα λεγόντων, ἢ παρὰ γυναικὸς λάβοιμι πλοῦτον. Τί γὰρ ἀηδέστερον ἐκείνου τοῦ πλούτου; τί δὲ ταύτης πικρότερον τῆς εὐπορίας; τί δὲ αἰσχρότερον τοῦ ἐπίσημον εἶναι ἐντεῦθεν, καὶ λέγεσθαι παρὰ πάντων, Ὁ δεῖνα ἀπὸ γυναικὸς εὔπορος γέγονε; Τὰς γὰρ ἔνδον ἀηδίας ἀφίημι, ὅσα ἐκ τούτου συμβαίνειν ἀνάγκη· τὸ φρόνημα τῆς γυναικὸς, τὴν δουλοπρέπειαν, τὰς μάχας, τὰ τῶν οἰκετῶν ὀνείδη· Ὁ πένης, ὁ ῥακοδύτης, ὁ ἄτιμος καὶ ἐξ ἀτίμων· τί γὰρ ἔχων ἦλθεν; οὐ γὰρ πάντα τῆς κυρίας; Ἀλλ' οὐδέν σοι μέλει τῶν ῥημάτων τούτων· οὐδὲ γὰρ ἐλεύθερος εἶ. Ἐπεὶ καὶ οἱ παράσιτοι τούτων καταδεέστερα ἀκούουσι, καὶ οὐκ ἀλγοῦσιν· οὐκοῦν οὐδὲ οὗτοι, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἐγκαλλωπίζονται τῇ αἰσχύνῃ· καὶ ὅταν ταῦτα λέγωμεν αὐτοῖς, Ἔστω, φησὶν, ἡδύ τι καὶ γλυκὺ, καὶ ἀποπνιγέτω με. Ὢ τοῦ διαβόλου! οἵας παροιμίας εἰσήγαγε τῷ βίῳ, ὁλόκληρον τὴν ζωὴν τῶν τοιούτων ἀνατρέψαι δυναμένας! Ὅρα γοῦν αὐτὴν ταύτην τὴν διαβολικὴν καὶ ὀλέθριον ῥῆσιν, ὅσης γέμει τῆς ἀπωλείας. Οὐδὲν γὰρ ἄλλο φησὶν, ἀλλ' ἢ ταυτὶ τὰ ῥήματα· Μηδείς σοι τοῦ σεμνοῦ, μηδείς σοι τοῦ δικαίου λόγος ἔστω· πάντα ἐῤῥίφθω ἐκεῖνα· ἓν μόνον ζήτησον, τὴν ἡδονήν. Κἂν ἄγχῃ σε τὸ πρᾶγμα, αἱρετὸν ἔστω· κἂν πάντες ἐμπτύωσιν οἱ ἀπαντῶντες, κἂν τῇ ὄψει προστρίβωνται βόρβορον, κἂν ὡς κύνα ἐλαύνωσι, πάντα φέρε. Καὶ τί ἂν ἄλλο χοῖροι φωνὴν λαβόντες εἶπον; τί δὲ κύνες οἱ ἀκάθαρτοι; Τάχα δὲ οὐδ' ἂν ἐκεῖνοι τοιαῦτα ἐφθέγξαντο, οἷα ἀνθρώπους ἔπεισεν ὁ διάβολος λυττᾷν. ∆ιὸ παρακαλῶ, τὴν ἀναισθησίαν συνειδότας τῶν τοιούτων ῥημάτων, φεύγειν τὰς τοιαύτας παροιμίας, καὶ τὰς ἀπὸ τῆς Γραφῆς ἐκλέγειν ἀπεναντίας αὐταῖς οὔσας. Τίνες δέ εἰσιν αὗται; Μὴ πορεύου, φησὶν, ὀπίσω τῆς ἐπιθυμίας τῆς ψυχῆς σου, καὶ ἀπὸ τῶν ὀρέξεών σου κω 58.679 λύου. Καὶ περὶ πόρνης πάλιν φησὶν ἀπεναντίας τῇ παροιμίᾳ ταύτῃ· Μὴ