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for if he be a king, he is the most wretched of all, and a plague to the world, and poorer than all. For he will be disposed as one of the many, not considering all things to be his, but himself one among all; and seizing the things of all, he considers himself to have less than all. For by measuring his present possessions by his desire for what has not yet been acquired, he will reckon these as nothing in comparison to those. 4. Therefore someone also says: Nothing is more lawless than a lover of money. For such a man sells even himself, and goes about as a common enemy of the world, grieving that the earth does not bear gold instead of ears of corn, and the springs instead of streams, and the mountains instead of stones; being vexed at abundance, dejected amidst common blessings; shunning every opportunity from which it is not possible to get money; enduring everything from which it is possible to collect even just two obols; hating everyone, the poor, the rich; the poor, lest they should come and ask; the rich, because he does not have what is theirs. He thinks that all possess what is his, 58.729 and as if wronged by all, so is he vexed with all. He knows no fullness, he understands no satiety, he is the most wretched of all; just as, therefore, the one who is freed from these things and lives as a philosopher, is the most enviable of all. For the virtuous man, even if he be a slave, even if a prisoner, is the most blessed of all. For no one will do him ill, not even if all from the whole world should come together, moving arms and armies, and making war on him. But the wicked and worthless man, such as we have described, even if he be a king, even if he wear ten thousand diadems, will suffer the worst things even from the most insignificant person. So weak is wickedness; so strong is virtue. Why then do you mourn being in poverty? Why do you lament while keeping a feast? For it is the time of a feast. Why do you weep? For poverty is a festival, if you are sober-minded. Why do you wail, child? For one must call such a person a child. Did so-and-so strike you? And what of it? He made you more enduring. But did he take away your money? He cut off the greater part of the burden. But did he cut off your reputation? Again you tell me of another kind of freedom. Listen also to those from the outside who philosophize on these things, saying: You have suffered no evil, unless you make it so yourself. But did he take away your house, that large one with its surrounding walls? But behold, the whole earth is before you, the public buildings, whether you wish to have them for pleasure or for use. And what is more delightful or more beautiful than the firmament of heaven? How long will you be beggars and poor? It is not possible for one who is not rich in soul to be rich; just as it is not possible for one who does not have poverty in his mind to be poor. For if the soul is more sovereign than the body, the less sovereign things do not have the strength to dispose it towards themselves; but the sovereign thing draws the not-so-sovereign things to itself and changes them. For the heart, when it receives some injury, disposes the whole body in this way; and if it becomes ill-tempered, it harms the whole; and if well-tempered, it benefits the whole. But if any of the other parts is corrupted, while this remains healthy, it easily shakes off their harm. And that I may make what I say clearer, what is the use of green branches, tell me, when the root is withering? And what is the harm of leaves withered from above, when this is healthy? So 58.730 also in this case there is no use of money, when the soul is poor; nor is there harm from poverty, when the soul is rich. And how can a soul become rich, he says, when it is in poverty of money? Most of all it would become so then; for then it is accustomed to be rich. For if, as we have often shown, the proof of being rich is this, to despise money and to be in need of nothing, and of poverty, in turn, to be in need; and one might more easily despise money in poverty than in wealth; it is very clear that being in poverty especially makes one richer. For that the rich man desires money more than the poor man, is surely clear to everyone; just as the drunkard thirsts more than the one who has partaken sufficiently of the drink. For this desire is not such as to be quenched by more, but on the contrary is by nature kindled by it. For fire also, when it receives more fuel, then especially

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γὰρ βασιλεὺς ᾖ, πάντων ἐστὶν ἀθλιώτερος, καὶ λύμη τῆς οἰκουμένης, καὶ πάντων πενέστερος. Ὡς γὰρ εἷς τῶν πολλῶν διακείσεται, οὐχὶ τὰ πάντων αὐτοῦ νομίζων εἶναι, ἀλλ' αὐτὸν ἕνα τῶν πάντων· καὶ τὰ πάντων ἁρπάζων, πάντων ἐλάττονα ἔχειν νομίζει. Τῇ γὰρ τῶν οὐδέπω κτηθέντων ἐπιθυμίᾳ τὰ παρόντα μετρῶν, οὐδὲν ταῦτα πρὸς ἐκεῖνα εἶναι ἡγήσεται. δʹ. ∆ιὸ καί τίς φησι· Φιλαργύρου μὲν οὐδὲν ἀνομώτερον. Ὁ γὰρ τοιοῦτος καὶ ἑαυτὸν ἀποδίδοται, καὶ κοινὸς περιέρχεται τῆς οἰκουμένης ἐχθρὸς, ἀλγῶν ὅτι μὴ χρυσίον φέρει ἀντὶ τῶν ἀσταχύων ἡ γῆ, καὶ ἀντὶ τῶν ναμάτων αἱ κρῆναι, καὶ ἀντὶ τῶν λίθων τὰ ὄρη· δυσχεραίνων πρὸς τὴν εὐετηρίαν, ἐν τοῖς κοινοῖς ἀγαθοῖς συνεσταλμένος· πᾶσαν ἀποστρεφόμενος πρόφασιν, ὅθεν οὐκ ἔστιν ἀργύριον λαβεῖν· πάντα ὑπομένων, ὅθεν καὶ δύο συλλέξαι μόνον ὀβολοὺς ἔνι· ἅπαντας μισῶν, τοὺς πένητας, τοὺς πλουτοῦντας· τοὺς μὲν πένητας, μήποτε προσελθόντες αἰτήσωσι· τοὺς δὲ πλουτοῦντας, ὅτι μὴ τὰ ἐκείνων ἔχει. Ἅπαντας τὰ αὐτοῦ νομίζει κεκτῆ 58.729 σθαι, καὶ ὡς παρὰ πάντων ἠδικημένος, οὕτω πρὸς πάντας δυσχεραίνει. Πλησμονὴν οὐκ οἶδε, κόρον οὐκ ἐπίσταται, πάντων ἐστὶν ἀθλιώτερος· ὥσπερ οὖν ὁ τούτων ἀπηλλαγμένος καὶ φιλοσοφῶν, ζηλωτότερος πάντων. Ὁ μὲν γὰρ ἐνάρετος, κἂν οἰκέτης ᾖ, κἂν δεσμώτης, πάντων ἐστὶ μακαριώτερος. Οὐδεὶς γὰρ αὐτὸν ποιήσει κακῶς, οὐδ' ἂν οἱ ἐκ τῆς οἰκουμένης συνέλθωσιν ἅπαντες, ὅπλα καὶ στρατόπεδα κινοῦντες, καὶ πολεμοῦντες αὐτῷ. Ὁ δὲ μοχθηρὸς καὶ φαῦλος, καὶ τοιοῦτος οἷον διεγράψαμεν, κἂν βασιλεὺς ᾖ, κἂν μυρία περικέηται διαδήματα, καὶ παρὰ τοῦ τυχόντος τὰ ἔσχατα πείσεται. Οὕτως ἡ κακία ἀσθενές· οὕτως ἰσχυρὸν ἡ ἀρετή. Τί τοίνυν πενθεῖς ἐν πενίᾳ ὤν; τί θρηνεῖς ἑορτὴν ἄγων; καὶ γὰρ ἑορτῆς ὁ καιρός. Τί κλαίεις; καὶ γὰρ πανήγυρις ἡ πτωχεία, ἂν σωφρονῇς. Τί ὀδύρῃ, παιδίον; παιδίον γὰρ δεῖ τὸν τοιοῦτον καλεῖν. Ἐτύπτησέ σε ὁ δεῖνα; Καὶ τί τοῦτο; καρτερικώτερον ἐποίησεν. Ἀλλ' ἀφείλετο χρήματα; Τὸ πλέον ὑπετέμετο τοῦ φορτίου. Ἀλλὰ τὴν δόξαν περιέκοψε; Πάλιν ἄλλης ἐλευθερίας εἶδός μοι λέγεις. Ἄκουσον καὶ τῶν ἔξωθεν ταῦτα φιλοσοφούντων, καὶ λεγόντων· Οὐδὲν κακὸν πέπονθας, ἂν μὴ προσποιῇ. Ἀλλὰ τὴν οἰκίαν ἀφείλετο, τὴν μεγάλην ἐκείνην καὶ περιβόλους ἔχουσαν; Ἀλλ' ἰδοὺ πᾶσα ἡ γῆ ἐνώπιόν σου, τὰ δημόσια οἰκοδομήματα, εἴτε εἰς τέρψιν, εἴτε εἰς χρείαν ἔχειν ἐθέλοις. Καὶ τί τερπνότερον ἢ ὡραιότερον τοῦ στερεώματος τοῦ οὐρανοῦ; Μέχρι τίνος πτωχοὶ καὶ πένητες; Οὐκ ἔστι πλούσιον εἶναι τὸν μὴ ψυχῇ πλουτοῦντα· ὥσπερ οὐκ ἔνι πτωχὸν εἶναι τὸν μὴ ἐν διανοίᾳ ἔχοντα τὴν πενίαν. Εἰ γὰρ κυριώτερον τοῦ σώματος ἡ ψυχὴ, οὐκ ἰσχύει τὰ ἀκυρότερα αὐτὴν διαθεῖναι πρὸς ἑαυτά· ἀλλ' ἡ κυρία τὰ μὴ οὕτω κύρια πρὸς ἑαυτὴν ἐφέλκεται καὶ μεταβάλλει. Καὶ γὰρ ἡ καρδία, ὅταν τινὰ δέξηται βλάβην, ἅπαν τὸ σῶμα οὕτω διατίθησι· κἂν δύσκρατος γένηται, τῷ παντὶ λυμαίνεται· κἂν εὔκρατος, τὸ πᾶν ὀνίνησιν. Ἂν δέ τι τῶν λοιπῶν διαφθαρῇ, ταύτης μενούσης ὑγιοῦς, εὐκόλως κἀκείνων τὴν λύμην ἀποτινάσσεται. Ἵνα δὲ καὶ σαφέστερον ὃ λέγω ποιήσω, τί κλάδων ὄφελος, εἰπέ μοι, χλωρῶν, ὅταν ἡ ῥίζα μαραίνηται; τί δὲ βλάβος τῶν ἄνωθεν ξηρανθέντων φύλλων, ταύτης οὔσης ὑγιοῦς; Οὕτω 58.730 καὶ ἐνταῦθα οὐδὲν ὄφελος χρημάτων, ψυχῆς οὔσης πενιχρᾶς· οὐδὲ βλάβος πενίας, ψυχῆς οὔσης πλουσίας. Καὶ πῶς ἂν γένοιτο πλουσία, φησὶ, ψυχὴ, ἐν πενίᾳ χρημάτων οὖσα; Μάλιστα ἂν τότε γένοιτο· τότε γὰρ καὶ πλουτεῖν εἴωθεν. Εἰ γὰρ, καθὼς πολλάκις ἐδείξαμεν, τοῦτο πλουτοῦντος τεκμήριον, τὸ καταφρονεῖν χρημάτων καὶ μηδενὸς δεῖσθαι, καὶ πενίας πάλιν τὸ δεῖσθαι· εὐκολώτερον δ' ἄν τις ἐν πενίᾳ ἢ ἐν πλούτῳ καταφρονήσειε χρημάτων· εὔδηλον ὅτι μάλιστα τὸ ἐν πενίᾳ εἶναι μᾶλλον ποιεῖ πλουτεῖν. Καὶ γὰρ ὅτι μᾶλλον ἐφίεται χρημάτων ὁ πλούσιος ἢ ὁ πένης, παντί που δῆλον· ὥσπερ ὁ μεθύων μᾶλλον διψᾷ τοῦ μετασχόντος αὐτάρκως τοῦ πόματος. Οὐδὲ γὰρ τοιαύτη ἐστὶν ἡ ἐπιθυμία, ὥστε τῷ πλείονι σβέννυσθαι, ἀλλὰ τοὐναντίον ἀνάπτεσθαι πέφυκε τούτῳ. Καὶ γὰρ τὸ πῦρ ὅταν πλείονα λάβῃ τροφὴν, τότε μάλιστα