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he might be able to subdue and capture. 3. But all together vex the lover of money. And why do I speak of men, when even moths and worms wage war on such a one? And why do I say moths? Much time alone is sufficient, even with no one troubling him, to do the greatest harm to such a one. What then is the pleasure of wealth? For I see its unpleasantnesses; but you tell me the pleasure. And what are the unpleasantnesses? he says. Cares, plots, enmities, hatred, fear, to be always thirsty and in pain. For if someone were to embrace a beloved girl, but not be able to satisfy his desire, he endures the utmost torment. So too the rich man. For he has his wealth, and is intimate with it; but he cannot satisfy all his desire, but the same thing happens as a certain wise man says: The desire of a eunuch to deflower a young maiden; and, Like a eunuch embracing a virgin, and groaning; so are all the rich. What more could one say? how such a one is unpleasant to all, to his servants, to the farmers, to his neighbors, to those in public affairs, to those who are wronged, to those who are not wronged, to his wife most of all, to his children more than all? For he raises them not as free persons, but more wretchedly than slaves and bought servants. And he will furnish countless occasions for anger and grief and drunken insolence and laughter against himself, set forth as a common comedy for all. And these are the unpleasantnesses, and perhaps more than these; for one could never go through them all in words, but experience will be able to demonstrate them. But you tell me the pleasure from it. I seem to be rich, he says, and I am thought to be rich. And what pleasure is there in being thought so? It is indeed the greatest name for envy. For wealth is only a name, void of substance. But also in his luxury the rich man rejoices in this opinion, he says. He rejoices in things for which he ought to grieve. To grieve? Why? he says. Because this makes him useless for everything, and cowardly and unmanly, both for travel abroad and for death; for he considers this a double thing, desiring his money more than the light. Heaven does not delight such a one, because it does not bear gold; nor the sun, since it does not emit golden rays. But there are some, he says, who also enjoy what they have, living luxuriously, gluttonizing, getting drunk, spending lavishly. You tell me of those who are worse than these. For these are the ones who most of all do not enjoy. For this one at least refrains from other evils, being bound to one passion; but those are worse than these, introducing in addition to the things mentioned a mob of other harsh mistresses, and like some harsh tyrants, serving the belly, the pleasure of the body, drunkenness, and the other intemperances each day, keeping harlots, preparing lavish banquets, buying parasites, flatterers, falling into unnatural passions, surrounding both body and soul with countless diseases from these things. For they do not spend their possessions on what is needful, but on corrupting the body, and corrupting the soul along with it; and they do the same thing as if someone, while adorning the body, thought he was spending for his own need. So that he alone enjoys pleasure, and is lord of his possessions, who uses 58.750 wealth for what is needful; but these are slaves and captives; for they aggravate the passions of the body, and the diseases of the soul. What then is this enjoyment, where there is siege and war, and a storm more grievous than any sea-squall? For if wealth finds men foolish, it makes them more foolish; if licentious, more licentious. And what benefit, he says, is wisdom to the poor man? Rightly are you ignorant. For neither does the blind man know what the gain of light is. Hear Solomon saying, that As great as the distance is between darkness and light, so great is the superiority of the wise man over the fool. But how shall we teach the one in darkness? For the love of money is darkness, not allowing any of things that are to appear as they are, but otherwise. For just as one in darkness, even if he sees a golden vessel, or a precious stone, or purple garments, thinks them to be nothing; for he does not see their beauty; so also the one in

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χειρώσασθαι δύναιτ' ἂν καὶ ἑλεῖν. γʹ. Τὸν μέντοι φιλάργυρον ἅπαντες ὁμοῦ λυποῦσι. Καὶ τί λέγω τοὺς ἀνθρώπους, ὅπου καὶ σῆτες καὶ σκώληκες ἐπιστρατεύουσι τῷ τοιούτῳ; Καὶ τί λέγω σῆτας; Ὁ χρόνος ὁ πολὺς ἀρκεῖ μόνος, καὶ μηδενὸς ἐνοχλοῦντος, τὰ μέγιστα ἀδικῆσαι τὸν τοιοῦτον. Τίς οὖν ἡ τοῦ πλούτου ἡδονή; Ἐγὼ μὲν γὰρ αὐτοῦ τὰς ἀηδίας βλέπω· σὺ δέ μοι τὴν ἡδονὴν εἰπέ. Καὶ τίνες αἱ ἀηδίαι; φησί. Φροντίδες, ἐπιβουλαὶ, ἀπέχθειαι, μῖσος, φόβος, τὸ ἀεὶ διψῇν καὶ ἐν ὀδύνῃ εἶναι. Καὶ γὰρ εἴ τις συμπλέκοιτο κόρῃ ἐρωμένῃ, τὴν δὲ ἐπιθυμίαν ἐμπλῆσαι μὴ δύναιτο, τὴν ἐσχάτην ὑπομένει βάσανον. Οὕτω καὶ ὁ πλουτῶν. Ἔχει μὲν γὰρ τὴν εὐπορίαν, καὶ συγγίνεται αὐτῇ· ἐμπλῆσαι δὲ οὐ δύναται τὴν ἐπιθυμίαν ἅπασαν, ἀλλὰ συμβαίνει ταὐτὸν, οἷόν τίς φησι σοφὸς ἀνήρ· Ἐπιθυμία εὐνούχου ἀποπαρθενῶσαι νεᾶνιν· καὶ, Ὥσπερ εὐνοῦχος περιλαμβάνων παρθένον, καὶ στενάζων· οὕτως οἱ πλουτοῦντες ἅπαντες. Τί ἄν τις τἄλλα λέγοι; πῶς πᾶσίν ἐστιν ἀηδὴς ὁ τοιοῦτος, τοῖς οἰκέταις, τοῖς γεωργοῖς, τοῖς γείτοσι, τοῖς τὰ πολιτικὰ πράττουσι, τοῖς ἀδικουμένοις, τοῖς οὐκ ἀδικουμένοις, τῇ γυναικὶ μάλιστα ἁπάντων, τοῖς παιδίοις πλέον ἁπάντων; Οὐδὲ γὰρ ὡς ἐλευθέρους, ἀλλ' ἀνδραπόδων καὶ ἀργυρωνήτων ἀθλιώτερον αὐτοὺς ἐκτρέφει. Καὶ μυρίας ὀργῆς καὶ λύπης καὶ παροινίας καὶ γέλωτος ἀφορμὰς καθ' ἑαυτοῦ παρέξει, κοινὴ πᾶσι κωμῳδία προκείμενος. Καὶ αἱ μὲν ἀηδίαι αὗται, καὶ τούτων πλείους ἴσως· οὐ γὰρ ἄν τις αὐτὰς πάσας ἐπέλθοι τῷ λόγῳ ποτὲ, ἀλλ' ἡ πεῖρα παραστῆσαι δυνήσεται. Σὺ δέ μοι τὴν ἡδονὴν λέγε τὴν ἐντεῦθεν. ∆οκῶ πλουτεῖν, φησὶ, καὶ νομίζομαι πλουτεῖν. Καὶ ποία ἡδονὴ τὸ νομίζεσθαι; Φθόνου μὲν οὖν ὄνομα μέγιστον. Καὶ γὰρ ὄνομα μόνον ἐστὶν ὁ πλοῦτος, πράγματος ἔρημον. Ἀλλὰ καὶ ἐντρυφῶν εὐφραίνεται τῇ ὑπολήψει ταύτῃ, φησὶν, ὁ πλουτῶν. Εὐφραίνεται ὑπὲρ ὧν ἀλγεῖν ἔδει. Ἀλγεῖν; διατί; φησί. Ὅτι τοῦτο αὐτὸν πρὸς πάντα ἄχρηστον ἐργάζεται, καὶ δειλὸν καὶ ἄνανδρον, καὶ πρὸς ἀποδημίαν καὶ πρὸς θάνατον· καὶ γὰρ διπλοῦν ἡγεῖται τοῦτον, μᾶλλον τῶν χρημάτων, ἢ τοῦ φωτὸς ἐπιθυμῶν. Τὸν τοιοῦτον οὐδὲ ὁ οὐρανὸς τέρπει, ὅτι μὴ χρυσίον φέρει· οὐδὲ ὁ ἥλιος, ἐπειδὴ μὴ χρυσᾶς ἀκτῖνας ἀφίησιν. Ἀλλ' εἰσί τινες, οἳ καὶ ἀπολαύουσι τῶν ὄντων, φησὶ, τρυφῶντες γαστριζόμενοι, μεθύοντες, πολυτελῶς δαπανῶντες. Τοὺς χείρονάς μοι τούτων λέγεις. Ἐκεῖνοι γὰρ μάλιστά εἰσιν, οἳ οὐκ ἀπολαύουσιν. Οὗτος μὲν γὰρ κἂν ἑτέρων ἀπέχεται κακῶν, ἑνὶ προσδεδεμένος ἔρωτι· ἐκεῖνοι δὲ τούτων χείρους, πρὸς τοῖς εἰρημένοις ἑτέρων δεσποινῶν χαλεπῶν συρφετὸν ἐπεισάγοντες, καὶ καθάπερ τυράννοις τισὶ χαλεποῖς, τῇ γαστρὶ, τῇ τῶν σωμάτων ἡδονῇ, τῇ μέθῃ, καὶ ταῖς ἄλλαις ἀκολασίαις καθ' ἑκάστην λειτουργοῦντες τὴν ἡμέραν, πόρνας τρέφοντες, δεῖπνα πολυτελῆ κατασκευάζοντες, παρασίτους, κόλακας ὠνούμενοι, ἐπὶ τοὺς παρὰ φύσιν ἐκπίπτοντες ἔρωτας, μυρίοις νοσήμασιν ἐκ τούτων καὶ τὸ σῶμα καὶ τὴν ψυχὴν περιβάλλοντες. Οὐδὲ γὰρ εἰς χρείαν ἀναλίσκουσι τὰ ὄντα, ἀλλ' εἰς τὸ φθεῖραι τὸ σῶμα, καὶ συνδιαφθεῖραι τούτῳ τὴν ψυχήν· καὶ ταὐτὸν ποιοῦσιν, οἷον ἂν εἴ τις τὸ σῶμα κοσμῶν, δοκοίη εἰς τὴν ἑαυτοῦ χρείαν ἀναλίσκειν. Ὥστε ἐκεῖνος μόνος ἡδονῆς ἀπολαύει, καὶ κύριός ἐστι τῶν ὄντων, ὁ χρώμενος 58.750 εἰς δέον τῷ πλούτῳ· οὗτοι δὲ δοῦλοι καὶ αἰχμάλωτοι· καὶ γὰρ τὰ πάθη τοῦ σώματος ἐπιτρίβουσι, καὶ τὰ νοσήματα τῆς ψυχῆς. Ποία οὖν αὕτη ἀπόλαυσις, ὅπου πολιορκία καὶ πόλεμος, καὶ χειμὼν θαλαττίας πάσης ζάλης χαλεπώτερος; Κἂν γὰρ ἀνοήτους ὁ πλοῦτος λάβῃ, ἀνοητοτέρους ἐργάζεται· κἂν ἀσελγεῖς, ἀσελγεστέρους. Καὶ τί τῷ πένητι, φησὶ, τῆς συνέσεως ὄφελος; Εἰκότως ἀγνοεῖς. Οὐδὲ γὰρ ὁ τυφλὸς οἶδε, τί τοῦ φωτὸς τὸ κέρδος. Ἄκουσον τοῦ Σολομῶνος λέγοντος, ὅτι Ὅσον τὸ μέσον σκότους καὶ φωτὸς, τοσαύτη ἡ περιουσία τοῦ σοφοῦ ὑπὲρ τὸν ἄφρονα. Ἀλλὰ τὸν ἐν σκότῳ πῶς διδάξομεν; Σκότος γάρ ἐστιν ὁ τῶν χρημάτων ἔρως, οὐδὲν ἀφιεὶς τῶν ὄντων φαίνεσθαι ὡς ἔστιν, ἀλλ' ἑτέρως. Καθάπερ γὰρ ὁ ἐν σκότῳ, κἂν χρυσοῦν ἴδῃ σκεῦος, κἂν λίθον τίμιον, κἂν ἁλουργὰ ἱμάτια, οὐδὲν εἶναι νομίζει· οὐ γὰρ ὁρᾷ αὐτῶν τὸ κάλλος· οὕτω καὶ ὁ ἐν