John Chrysostom, On Matthew

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1. As if from some signal, the devil then danced upon all. Let it be so

for, the Jews, consumed with envy and malice, were insolent to him; the soldiers, whence and for what reason? Is it not clear that it was the devil who was then raging in all? For they made the outrages against him a pleasure, being cruel and savage men. For though they ought to have been dismayed, ought to have wept, which is what the people were doing, they did not do this, but on the contrary, they insulted and leaped upon him, perhaps to gratify the Jews, or perhaps doing all things from their own perversity. And the outrages were various and diverse. For that divine head they sometimes struck with their fists, sometimes outraged with the crown of thorns, sometimes beat with the reed, abominable and accursed men. What excuse shall we have then for being moved by insults, after Christ has suffered these things? For what was happening was the ultimate limit of insult. For not one limb, but the entire body was completely outraged; the head by the crown and the reed and the buffeting; the face by being spat upon; the cheeks by being slapped; the whole body by the scourges, by the putting on of the robe, and by the feigned worship; the hand by the reed, which they gave him to hold instead of a scepter; the mouth again by the offering of vinegar. What could be more grievous than these things? What more insulting? For what was done surpasses all description. For as if fearing they might seem to fall short in any part of their audacity, having slain the prophets with their own hands, but this man by the vote of a judge, they thus do all things; and they become their own executioners, and they accuse, and condemn him among themselves and before Pilate, saying, His blood be on us, and on our children; and they leap upon and insult him themselves, binding, leading him away, and they become the cause of the outrages by the soldiers; and they nail him, and revile, and spit upon him, and mock him. For here Pilate contributed nothing, but they themselves did everything, being accusers, and judges, and executioners, and everything. And these things 58.770 are read among us, when all come together. For so that the Greeks may not say, "The brilliant and manifest things, such as the signs and the wonders, you show to the crowds and the peoples, but these reproachful things you hide;" the grace of the Spirit has ordained that on a festival of all the people, when a great multitude of men and women are present, and everyone simply on the great evening of Easter, all these things should then be read; when the whole world is present, then these things are proclaimed with a clear voice. And when these things are read, and made known to all, Christ is believed to be God; and among other reasons He is also worshipped for these, because He deigned to descend so far for our sakes, as to suffer these things, and to teach us all virtue. Let us therefore read these things continually; for great is the gain, and very great the benefit from them. For when you see him mocked in gestures and deeds, and worshipped with such parody, and struck with fists, and suffering the uttermost, even if you are a stone, you will become softer than any wax, and you will cast out all inflammation from your soul. Hear, therefore, what follows. For when they had mocked him, "They led him away to crucify him," it says, and stripping him they took his garments, and sitting down they watched him, to see when he would expire. And they divide his garments; which happens in the case of condemned men who are very cheap and outcast, and have no one, and are in complete desolation. They divided the garments, by which such great miracles had been done. But nothing was working then, Christ restraining his ineffable power. And this was no small addition to their insolence. For as if against one dishonored and outcast, as I said, and the cheapest of all, so they dared everything. At least, they did nothing of the sort to the robbers, but to Christ everything

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αʹ. Ὥσπερ ἔκ τινος συνθήματος ὁ διάβολος εἰς πάντας τότε ἐχόρευεν. Ἔστω

γὰρ, Ἰουδαῖοι φθόνῳ καὶ βασκανίᾳ τηκόμενοι ἐπαροίνουν εἰς αὐτόν· οἱ στρατιῶται πόθεν καὶ ἐκ ποίας αἰτίας; Οὐκ εὔδηλον ὅτι ὁ διάβολος ἦν ὁ τότε βακχεύων εἰς πάντας; Καὶ γὰρ τέρψεις ἐποίουν τὰς εἰς αὐτὸν ὕβρεις, ὠμοὶ καὶ ἀνήμεροί τινες ὄντες. ∆έον γὰρ συσταλῆναι, δέον δακρῦσαι, ὅπερ καὶ ὁ δῆμος ἔπασχε, τοῦτο μὲν οὐκ ἐποίουν, τοὐναντίον δὲ, ὕβριζον καὶ ἐνήλλοντο, ἴσως καὶ αὐτοὶ χαριζόμενοι τοῖς Ἰουδαίοις, ἢ καὶ κατ' οἰκείαν δυστροπίαν ἅπαντα πράττοντες. Καὶ αἱ ὕβρεις διάφοροι καὶ ποικίλαι. Τὴν γὰρ θείαν κεφαλὴν ἐκείνην ποτὲ μὲν ἐκολάφιζον, ποτὲ δὲ τῷ στεφάνῳ τῶν ἀκανθῶν καθύβριζον, ποτὲ δὲ τῷ καλάμῳ ἔτυπτον, ἄνδρες μιαροὶ καὶ ἐναγεῖς. Τίς ἡμῖν ἔσται λόγος λοιπὸν ἐπὶ ὕβρεσι κινουμένοις, μετὰ τὸ τὸν Χριστὸν ταῦτα παθεῖν; Καὶ γὰρ ἔσχατος ὅρος ὕβρεως τὸ γινόμενον ἦν. Οὐδὲ γὰρ μέλος ἓν, ἀλλ' ἅπαν τὸ σῶμα ὅλον διόλου ὑβρίζετο· ἡ κεφαλὴ διὰ τοῦ στεφάνου καὶ τοῦ καλάμου καὶ τοῦ κολαφίζεσθαι· τὸ πρόσωπον ἐμπτυόμενον· αἱ σιαγόνες ῥαπιζόμεναι· τὸ σῶμα ὅλον διὰ τῶν μαστίγων, διὰ τῆς περιβολῆς τῆς χλανίδος, καὶ τῆς προσποιητῆς προσκυνήσεως· ἡ χεὶρ διὰ τοῦ καλάμου, ὃν ἔδωκαν ἀντὶ σκήπτρου κατέχειν αὐτόν· τὸ στόμα πάλιν διὰ τῆς τοῦ ὄξους προσκομιδῆς. Τί τούτων γένοιτ' ἂν χαλεπώτερον; τί ὑβριστικώτερον; Πάντα γὰρ λόγον ὑπερβαίνει τὰ γεγενημένα. Καθάπερ γὰρ δεδοικότες, μὴ δόξωσιν ἐλλιμπάνειν τι τοῦ τολμήματος, τοὺς μὲν προφήτας οἰκείαις ἀνελόντες χερσὶ, τοῦτον δὲ ψήφῳ δικαστοῦ, οὕτως ἅπαντα πράττουσι· καὶ αὐτόχειρες γίνονται, καὶ κατακρίνουσι, καὶ παρ' ἑαυτοῖς καταδικάζουσι καὶ παρὰ τῷ Πιλάτῳ, λέγοντες, Τὸ αἷμα αὐτοῦ ἐφ' ἡμᾶς καὶ ἐπὶ τὰ τέκνα ἡμῶν· καὶ ἐνάλλονται καὶ ὑβρίζουσι δι' ἑαυτῶν, δεσμοῦντες, ἀπάγοντες, καὶ τῶν ὕβρεων τῶν ὑπὸ τῶν στρατιωτῶν αἴτιοι καθίστανται· καὶ προσηλοῦσι, καὶ λοιδοροῦνται, καὶ ἐμπτύουσι, καὶ κωμῳδοῦσιν. Οὐδὲν γὰρ ἐνταῦθα ὁ Πιλάτος εἰσήνεγκεν, ἀλλὰ πάντα αὐτοὶ ἐποίουν, καὶ κατήγοροι, καὶ δικασταὶ, καὶ δήμιοι, καὶ πάντα γινόμενοι. Καὶ ταῦτα 58.770 ἀναγινώσκεται παρ' ἡμῖν, ὅταν πάντες συνέρχωνται. Ἵνα γὰρ μὴ λέγωσιν Ἕλληνες, ὅτι Τὰ μὲν λαμπρὰ καὶ περιφανῆ, οἷον τὰ σημεῖα καὶ τὰ θαύματα, ἐπιδείκνυσθε τοῖς δήμοις καὶ τοῖς λαοῖς, τὰ δὲ ἐπονείδιστα ταῦτα ἀποκρύπτεσθε· ᾠκονόμησεν ἡ τοῦ Πνεύματος χάρις, ἐν πανδήμῳ ἑορτῇ, ὅταν ἄνδρες παμπληθεὶ καὶ γυναῖκες παρῶσι, καὶ πάντες ἁπλῶς κατὰ τὴν μεγάλην τοῦ πάσχα ἑσπέραν, τότε ταῦτα πάντα ἀναγινώσκεσθαι· ὅταν ἡ οἰκουμένη πᾶσα παρῇ, τότε λαμπρᾷ ταῦτα ἀνακηρύττεται τῇ φωνῇ. Καὶ τούτων ἀναγινωσκομένων, καὶ πᾶσι γνωριζομένων, ὁ Χριστὸς πιστεύεται εἶναι Θεός· καὶ μετὰ τῶν ἄλλων καὶ διὰ ταῦτα προσκυνεῖται, ὅτι τοσοῦτον ὑπὲρ ἡμῶν καταβῆναι κατηξίωσεν, ὡς καὶ ταῦτα παθεῖν, καὶ παιδεῦσαι πᾶσαν ἡμᾶς ἀρετήν. Ταῦτα τοίνυν διαπαντὸς ἀναγινώσκωμεν· καὶ γὰρ πολὺ τὸ κέρδος, μεγίστη ἐντεῦθεν ἡ ὠφέλεια. Ὅταν γὰρ ἴδῃς καὶ σχήμασι καὶ πράγμασιν αὐτὸν χλευαζόμενον, καὶ προσκυνούμενον μετὰ τοσαύτης κωμῳδίας, καὶ κονδυλιζόμενον, καὶ τὰ ἔσχατα πάσχοντα, κἂν αὐτόλιθος ᾖς, κηροῦ γενήσῃ παντὸς ἁπαλώτερος, καὶ πᾶσαν ἐκβαλεῖς ἀπὸ τῆς ψυχῆς φλεγμονήν. Ἄκουε τοίνυν καὶ τῶν ἑξῆς. Ἐπειδὴ γὰρ ἐνέπαιξαν, Ἤγαγον αὐτὸν εἰς τὸ σταυρῶσαι, φησὶ, καὶ γυμνώσαντες ἔλαβον αὐτοῦ τὰ ἱμάτια, καὶ καθήμενοι ἐτήρουν αὐτὸν, πότε ἀποπνεύσει. Καὶ διανέμονται αὐτοῦ τὰ ἱμάτια· ὅπερ ἐπὶ τῶν σφόδρα εὐτελῶν καὶ ἀπεῤῥιμμένων γίνεται καταδίκων, καὶ οὐδένα ἐχόντων, καὶ ἐπ' ἐρημίας ὑπαρχόντων ἁπάσης. Ἐμέριζον τὰ ἱμάτια, δι' ὧν τηλικαῦτα γέγονε θαύματα. Ἀλλ' οὐδὲν ἐνήργει τότε, τοῦ Χριστοῦ κατέχοντος τὴν ἀπόῤῥητον δύναμιν. Οὐ μικρὰ δὲ καὶ αὕτη προσθήκη παροινίας ἦν. Ὡς γὰρ εἰς ἄτιμον καὶ ἀπεῤῥιμμένον, ὅπερ ἔφην, καὶ τὸν πάντων εὐτελέστατον, οὕτω πάντα ἐτόλμων. Εἰς γοῦν τοὺς λῃστὰς οὐδὲν τοιοῦτον εἰργάσαντο, ἀλλ' εἰς τὸν Χριστὸν ἅπαντα